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Date: 2021
Abstract: This book addresses the issues of memory (a more suitable word would be Marianne Hirsh’s term of postmemory) of the Holocaust among young Poles, the attitudes towards Jews and the Holocaust in the comparative context of educational developments in other countries. The term “Jews” is, as rightly noted Joanna Tokarska-Bakir (2010) a decontextualized term used here in the meaning of Antoni Sułek (2010) as a collective “symbolic” entity. The focus was on education (transmitting values), attitudinal changes and actions undertaken to preserve (or counteract) the memory of Jews and their culture in contemporary Poland. The study to which the book primarly refers was conducted in 2008 and was a second study on a national representative sample of Polish adolescents after the first one undertaken in 1998. The data may seem remote from the current political situation of stepping back from the tendency to increase education about the Holocaust which dominated after 1989 and especially between 2000 and 2005, nonetheless they present trends and outcomes of specific educational interventions which are universal and may set examples for various geopolitical contexts. The focus of this research was not primarily on the politics of remembrance, which often takes a national approach, although state initiatives are also brought to the attention of the reader, but rather on grassroots action, often initiated by local civil society organizations (NGOs) or individual teachers and/or students. This study has attempted to discover the place that Jews have (or do not have) in the culture of memory in Poland, where there lived the largest Jewish community in pre-war Europe, more than 90% of which was murdered during the Holocaust. The challenge was to show the diversity of phenomena aimed at integrating Jewish history and culture into national culture, including areas of extracurricular education, often against mainstream educational policy, bearing in mind that the Jews currently living in Poland are also, in many cases, active partners in various public initiatives. It is rare to find in-depth empirical research investigating the ensemble of areas of memory construction and the attitudes of youth as an ensemble, including the evaluation of actions (programmes of non-governmental organisations and school projects) in the field of education, particularly with reference to the long-term effects of educational programmes. The assumption prior to this project was that the asking of questions appearing during this research would stimulate further studies. The book is divided into three parts: Memory, Attitudes and Actions. All three parts of the book, although aimed at analysing an ongoing process of reconstructing and deconstructing memory of the Holocaust in post-2000 Poland, including the dynamics of the attitudes of Polish youth toward Jews, the Shoah and memory of the Shoah, are grounded in different theories and were inspired by various concepts. The assumption prior to the study was that this complex process of attitudinal change cannot be interpreted and explained within the framework on one single academic discipline or one theory. Education and the cultural studies definitely played a significant role in exploring initiatives undertaken to research, study and commemorate the Holocaust and the remnants of the rich Jewish culture in Poland, but the sociology, anthropology and psychology also played a part in helping to see this process from various angles.
Author(s): Spencer-Dene, Chloe
Date: 2021
Abstract: Faith schools remain a topic of debate in contemporary Britain. In 2017, faith schools accounted for 33.7% of state-funded mainstream schools. Faith schools differ from other state-funded mainstream schools in many ways. For example, they have the ability to control the content taught in their Religious Education and Sex and Relationships Education (SRE) syllabuses and have control over their admissions arrangements. This project explores the impact Jewish schools can have on one’s adult beliefs, through a small-scale study. This study analyses online questionnaire responses from 25 participants aged 19-27. All participants in this sample attended the same Jewish secondary school in London, referred to as ‘School A’. The responses show that faith schools can have a significant effect on one’s adult beliefs, due to the ways in which they teach pupils about different religions, political ideologies, and sexuality. This was found to be mainly due to the perceived exclusion of other religious beliefs and opinions. Despite this, most of the participants still felt able to express themselves and their beliefs. Moreover, this study’s participants felt that their adult beliefs were more significantly impacted by their family and community, rather than by their school. The study’s findings highlight a need to improve the inclusivity of SRE teaching in Jewish schools. This project recommends that further research is conducted on the impact of attending a Jewish secondary school on an individual’s beliefs later in life, and whether this is also representative of all UK faith schools.
Date: 2021
Date: 2021
Abstract: Background
Ethnic and religious minorities have been disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. The UK strictly-Orthodox Jewish community has been severely affected by the pandemic. This group shares characteristics with other ethnic minorities including larger family sizes, higher rates of household crowding and relative socioeconomic deprivation. We studied a UK strictly-Orthodox Jewish population to understand transmission of COVID-19 within this community.

Methods
We performed a household-focused cross-sectional SARS-CoV-2 serosurvey between late-October and early December 2020 prior to the third national lockdown. Randomly-selected households completed a standardised questionnaire and underwent serological testing with a multiplex assay for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. We report clinical illness and testing before the serosurvey, seroprevalence stratified by age and sex. We used random-effects models to identify factors associated with infection and antibody titres.

Findings
A total of 343 households, consisting of 1,759 individuals, were recruited. Serum was available for 1,242 participants. The overall seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 was 64.3% (95% CI 61.6-67.0%). The lowest seroprevalence was 27.6% in children under 5 years and rose to 73.8% in secondary school children and 74% in adults. Antibody titres were higher in symptomatic individuals and declined over time since reported COVID-19 symptoms, with the decline more marked for nucleocapsid titres.

Interpretation
In this tight-knit religious minority population in the UK, we report one of the highest SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence levels in the world to date, which was markedly higher than the reported 10% seroprevalence in London at the time of the study. In the context of this high force of infection, all age groups experienced a high burden of infection. Actions to reduce the burden of disease in this and other minority populations are urgently required.

Funding
This work was jointly funded by UKRI and NIHR [COV0335; MR/V027956/1], a donation from the LSHTM Alumni COVID-19 response fund, HDR UK, the MRC and the Wellcome Trust.
Date: 2021
Abstract: Denne rapport beskriver og analyserer antallet af registrerede antisemitiske hændelser i Danmark i 2020. Rapporten er udarbejdet på grundlag af anmeldelser til AKVAH, der udgør en del af Det Jødiske Samfunds ikkerhedsorganisation. AKVAH har i 2020 registreret 23 antisemitiske hændelser i Danmark fordelt på følgende kategorier: 1) verbalt overfald, 2) Hærværk og anden chikane, 3) antisemitiske ytringer. Hændelserne fordeler sig på ét tilfælde af verbalt overfald, syv tilfælde af hærværk og anden chikane, samt 15 tilfælde af antisemitiske ytringer. Ud af de i alt 23 medtagne hændelser er der to der kan betegnes som blot værende potentielt antisemitisk, da de ikke kan endeligt verificeres. Generelt set er der sket et støt fald i antallet af hændelser ift tidligere år. Dette
kan både være grundet oplysningsarbejde, intens fokus på coronapandemien blandt den bredere befolkning hvilket også har medført begrænset social omgang, samt et ‘roligt’ år ift. Mellemøstkonflikten. Der ses dog ‘spidsperioder’ hvad angår antisemitiske hændelser i 2020. Disse binder sig i høj grad til jødiske helligdage, hvor højreradikale grupper, der som i tidligere år, igangsætter såkaldte ‘aktioner’mod jødiske mål, samt ved tiltagende debat vedrørende omskæring. Her observeres det at tonen der følger omskærelsesdebatten på nettet i mange tilfælde bliver skærpet.

Udover det positive fald i antallet af hændelser, ses det også som værende positivt at de ekstra grove hændelser såsom vold, trusler og diskrimination ikke har haft deres forekomst i 2020.
Date: 2021
Abstract: A l’heure où ce début d’année a déjà été marqué par plusieurs actes antisémites contre les synagogues de Lausanne, Genève et Bienne, la CICAD a observé une hausse significative des actes antisémites recensés en 2020.

147 au total, dont 141 actes préoccupants (100 actes préoccupants en 2019), en forte progression (+41%).

36% des actes recensés en 2020 concernent les théories du complot juif. Une vision complotiste du monde qui sert d’alibi pour déverser de l’antisémitisme, principalement à l’extrême-droite et au sein des mouvements de « dissidence », anti-vaccins ou anarchistes.



L’extrême droite est la première source d’antisémitisme en Suisse romande. Des groupuscules participent grandement à la diffusion de propos antisémites et autres théories du complot visant les juifs.

Parallèlement, des acteurs de la mouvance complotiste ont également fait leur apparition en marge de la crise du COVID-19.

Le rapport de la situation en Suisse alémanique, publié par la Fédération suisse des communautés israélites (FSCI ) en collaboration avec la Fondation contre le racisme et l’antisémitisme GRA, établit le même constat. La CICAD et la FSCI proposent une analyse commune de la situation sur tout le territoire helvétique dans leurs rapports respectifs.

« La situation liée au Covid a provoqué l’émergence de propos antisémites sur les réseaux sociaux et la question de l’extrême droite est en effervescence depuis l’année passée » a déclaré Johanne Gurfinkiel, Secrétaire général de la CICAD lors de la conférence de presse qui s’est tenu ce matin.

L’inquiétude est de mise. Au regard de cas plus récents qui nous ont mobilisés, des initiatives sont à prendre, en particulier sur les volets éducatif, politique et judiciaire, que la CICAD détaille dans ses recommandations.
Date: 2021
Date: 2021
Abstract: 2020 zag een vermeerdering van signalementen ten belope van 36,5% tov 2019.
• Deze vermindering kan worden uitgelegd door het feit dat de Covid-19 pandemie in 2020 is begonnen
en de mensen heeft verplicht binnen te blijven gedurende meerdere maanden, zonder externe
contacten, hetgeen als gevolg heeft gehad de angst te versterken bij de geïsoleerde personen en de
meest zwakke geesten, alsook het gevoel van persecutie en de samenzweringstheorieën.
• De joden zijn ten alle tijden de zondebok geweest tijdens pandemieën en onzekere periodes. Het jaar
2020 heeft deze steretypen niet mogen tegenspreken.
• De signalementen op het Internet zijn in 2020 vermeerderd met 54,5%.
• Het merendeel van de vastgestelde incidenten, buiten het Internet, heeft plaatsgevonden te Antwerpen
en Brussel.


En 2020, on observe une augmentation de signalements de 36,5% par rapport à 2019.
• Cette augmentation peut s’expliquer par le fait qu’en 2020 a débuté la pandémie du COVID-19 qui
a contraint la population à rester confinée, sans contact extérieur pendant des mois. Cela a eu pour
conséquence d’augmenter les angoisses, sentiments de persécution et théories du complot chez les
plus fragiles et isolés.
• Les juifs ont de tout temps servi de bouc émissaire lors d’épidémies et périodes d’incertitudes. L’année
2020 n’aura pas échappé à ces stéréotypes.
• Les signalement sur internet ont nettement augmenté. +54,5% en 2020
• La majorité des incidents relevés, hors internet, a eu lieu à Anvers et Bruxelles.
Date: 2021
Date: 2021
Date: 2021
Abstract: Eine internationale Mobilisierung des israelbezogenen Antisemitismus durch Organisationen, die der islamistischen Muslimbruderschaft und den Terrorgruppen Hamas und PFLP nahestehen oder mit ihnen sympathisieren, bildete den Hintergrund für zahlreiche Gewaltvorfälle und Bedrohungen von Jüdinnen_Juden im vergangenen Mai. Viele antisemitische Vorfälle ereigneten sich im Umfeld antiisraelischer Versammlungen, doch war für jüdische Communities die Bedrohung durch Antisemitismus vielfältig im Alltag spürbar. Dies geht aus dem gemeinsamen Bericht des Bundesverbandes der Recherche- und Informationsstellen Antisemitismus e.V. (Bundesverband RIAS) und des Internationalen Institut für Bildung, Sozial- und Antisemitismusforschung (IIBSA) über antisemitische Vorfälle im Kontext der Eskalation der Gewalt im Nahen Osten im Mai 2021 hervor.

Der Bericht „Mobilisierungen von israelbezogenem Antisemitismus im Bundesgebiet 2021” befasst sich mit der internationalen und bundesweiten Mobilisierung von israelbezogenem Antisemitismus im Mai 2021 sowie mit den zwischen dem 9. und 24. Mai 2021 bekannt gewordenen antisemitischen Vorfällen in Deutschland im Zeitraum des bewaffneten Konflikts zwischen der Hamas und Israel.

Die Analysen des Forschungsinstituts IIBSA zeigen eine breite Mobilisierung des Antisemitismus, die von links/antiimperialistischem Spektrum über die politische Mitte bis hin zu nationalistischen, neonazistischen und islamistischen Milieus reichte. Verschiedene internationale Akteur_innen und ihre Sympathisant_innen waren an der Aufstachelung von antisemitischem Hass, Gewalt oder Terrorismus beteiligt, etwa die Palästinensische Front zur Befreiung Palästinas (PFLP), die Millî Görüş-Bewegung, die Grauen Wölfe und das türkische Präsidium für religiöse Angelegenheiten, Diyanet. Eine besondere Rolle nahmen hierbei bereits im Vorfeld der kriegerischen Auseinandersetzung Organisationen ein, die der islamistischen Muslimbruderschaft und den Terrorgruppen Hamas nahestehen oder mit ihnen sympathisieren, wie etwa die Palästinensische Gemeinschaft in Deutschland (PGD).

Zeitgleich zur Eskalation im israelisch-palästinensischen Konflikt zwischen dem 9. und dem 24. Mai 2021 dokumentierte der Bundesverband RIAS deutschlandweit 261 antisemitische Vorfälle mit einem entsprechenden Bezug – im Schnitt mehr als 16 Vorfälle am Tag. Bekannt wurden u.a. 10 Angriffe, 22 gezielte Sachbeschädigungen und 18 Bedrohungen.

Dabei war Antisemitismus nicht nur auf den antiisraelischen Versammlungen zu beobachten, sondern ein alltagsprägendes Phänomen für Jüdinnen_Juden: Er begegnete ihnen am Arbeitsplatz, in Gesprächen und Diskussionen im Bekannten- oder Freundeskreis, im Umfeld von Synagogen, während zufälliger Begegnungen im Supermarkt, im öffentlichen Personennahverkehr, auf der Straße und im eigenen Wohnumfeld.
Author(s): Schubert, Kai E.
Date: 2021
Date: 2021
Abstract: Why Do People Discriminate against Jews? provides a data-rich analysis of the causes of discrimination against Jews across the globe. Using the tools of comparative political science, Jonathan Fox and Lev Topor examine the causes of both government-based and societal discrimination against Jews in 76 countries. As they stress, anti-Semitism is an attitude, but discrimination is an action. In examining anti-Jewish discrimination, they combine ideas and theories from classic studies of anti-Semitism with social science theories on the causes of discrimination. On the one hand, conspiracy theories, a major topic in the anti-Semitism literature, are relatively unexplored in the social science literature as a potential instigator of discrimination. On the other, social science theories developed to explain how governments justify discrimination against Muslims are rarely formally applied to the processes that lead to discrimination against Jews. Fox and Topor conclude by identifying three potential causes of discrimination: religious causes, anti-Zionism, and belief in conspiracy theories about Jewish power and world domination. They conclude that while all three influence discrimination against Jews, belief in conspiracy theories is the strongest determinant. The most rigorous and geographically wide-ranging analysis of discrimination against Jews to date, this book reshapes our understanding of the persecution of religious minorities in general and the Jewish people in particular.

Contents:
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Patterns of Discrimination
Chapter 3: Religious Anti-Semitism
Chapter 4: Anti-Zionism and Anti-Israel Behavior and Sentiment
Chapter 5: Conspiracy Theories
Chapter 6: The British Example
Chapter 7: Conclusions
Appendix
Bibliography
Date: 2021
Author(s): Salner, Peter
Date: 2021
Abstract: This paper analyses how the Jewish community in Bratislava dealt with the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic that took place between the 1st March 2020 and 30 May 2021. Because the public health measures in force at the time rendered traditional ethnological research methods inapplicable, the author’s main source of information was the online communication of the leadership and administration of the Bratislava Jewish Religious Community (JRC) with its members. On the 9th March 2020, the government implemented the first battery of public health measures. Already on the same day, the JRC released a newsletter encouraging its members to observe the authorities’ guidance. It also cancelled all of its scheduled activities. The leadership would go on to distribute masks and hygiene supplies to the oldest members of the community, facilitate the vaccination of Holocaust survivors. Part of Slovak society compared restrictions on social contacts, a mask mandate, and a limitation on free movement to the suffering of the Jews in the Wartime Slovak State, highlighting this supposed parallel by wearing yellow stars. The effective limits on social contacts brought communal life within the community to a standstill, which had a particular effect on the older generations. The pandemic also inevitably led to a ban on communal worship and necessitated adjustments in the observance of traditional Jewish holidays, particularly Pesach. In many families, the communal Seder supper was held online via Zoom or Skype. The community had also to improvise during Hannukah, with an Orthodox or liberal rabbi assisting in the lighting of candles in the homes of members who requested it.