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Prevention of antisemitism in German sport organisations: learning from football?
Author(s): Haut, Jan; Müller, Lasse; Heim, Christopher; Hasselbeck, Ferdinand
Date: 2026
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Strategy and Policy, Discrimination, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Sport: Football, Sport: General and Non-Football
Abstract: A growing body of literature has highlighted antisemitism as a specific form of discrimination in football. A recent study from Germany revealed that many football players in Maccabi clubs have experienced antisemitic incidents, whereas such experiences were less frequent in other sports. The comparatively high incidence of antisemitism in football is mirrored by increasing efforts of German clubs and associations to address the issue. However, little is known about how other sports are responding to antisemitic discrimination. To fill this gap, this study investigates to what extent German sport associations (N = 105) are aware of antisemitism and have implemented measures to combat it. The methodological approach mirrors that of an earlier football-focused study, combining standardised analyses of associations’ websites with qualitative evaluations of mission statements and other documents. A comparison between football and other sports reveals both contrasts and similarities. Considering antisemitism as a historical phenomenon only, or unclear reporting mechanisms, appear as common problems. But while football organisations have developed several strategies and measures, many other sport organisations have not established specific approaches to address antisemitism. Accordingly, recommendations for different types of organisations can be derived.
Yes, But...*Antisemitism and the limits of workplace inclusion
Author(s): Kandola, Binna
Date: 2026
Topics: Antisemitism: Jewish Perceptions and Experiences, Work and Employment, Discrimination, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys
Abstract: Pearn Kandola’s 2026 report, Yes, But…*: Antisemitism and The Limits of Workplace Inclusion, is a comprehensive study of Jewish employees’ experiences of antisemitism at work and the responses of DEI functions within organisations.

This research builds on Pearn Kandola’s 2024 study of Antisemitism and Islamophobia at Work, which found that workplace antisemitism had increased by almost 50% since 7th October 2023.

In May 2026, Pearn Kandola held Antisemitism at Work Week, a series of webinars that explored antisemitism in the workplace, its impact on Jewish employees, and how organisations can respond.

The response to the webinar series highlighted a need for further research, as several Jewish attendees described a notable lack of responsiveness from their Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) teams regarding antisemitism. This report therefore examines how DEI functions respond to antisemitism in the workplace.

More than 1,000 Jewish employees across the UK participated in the research through in-depth interviews or a survey. They shared their experiences of antisemitism in the workplace, the impact it has had on them, and the extent to which they feel supported by their organisations.

This research explores:

Jewish employees’ experiences of antisemitism in the workplace
Why antisemitism is often overlooked within workplace inclusion activity
How inadequate responses to antisemitism affect Jewish employees
How DEI teams can move beyond identity-based approaches to foster better inclusion
The report concludes with six practical recommendations from research author Professor Binna Kandola OBE to help organisations strengthen their DEI approach and better support Jewish employees.
Shechita Legal Bans in the Comparative Perspective (Historically and Today)
Author(s): Porat, Iddo
Editor(s): Gliszczyńska-Grabias, Aleksandra; Hacohen, Aviad
Date: 2025
Topics: Shechita / Ritual Slaughter, Law and Justice, Discrimination, Main Topic: Other
Abstract: In the current study, a detailed analysis of legal restrictions on ritualistic animal slaughter, or shechita, in various comparative settings is undertaken. The chapter deals with the historical and present debate on this phenomenon, very controversial both in Europe and beyond Europe since the 1990s. Analyses establish that civil society campaigns for the ban on shechita, supported by medical and veterinary authorities and activists on social media, have been effective in some, but not all, countries. The chapter will have two main aims. First, to document the historical bias against ritual animal slaughter, starting inmedieval times and culminating in 19th and 20th century European anti-Semitism, and to show the reemergence of this bias in recent decades. This reemergence, it will be shown, combines classic anti-Semitism with more recent Islamophobia (from the Right), and animal rights and anti-religious progressivism (from the Left). Second, to suggest that constitutional doctrines grounded in anti-discrimination principles are more effective than the doctrine of proportionality in protecting the religious and cultural rights of the Jewish minority in the context of shechita. This is because they are better equipped to expose hidden biases and prejudices against Jews than their proportionality-based counterparts.
Antisemitische Schmähobjekte - zur Frage eines Beseitigungsanspruchs nach § 1004 BGB am Beispiel des Wittenberger Sandsteinreliefs: BGH, Urteil v. 14. 6. 2022 - VI ZR 172/20 (OLG Naumburg)
Translated Title: Antisemitic defamatory objects - on the question of a claim for removal according to § 1004 BGB using the example of the Wittenberg sandstone relief: Federal Court of Justice, judgment of June 14, 2022 - VI ZR 172/20 (Naumburg Higher Regional Court)
Author(s): Weller, Marc-Philippe; Göbel, Greta
Date: 2023
Topics: Law and Justice, Discrimination, Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Der BGH hat entschieden, dass die Persönlichkeitsrechtsverletzung durch eine historische Darstellung, die Jüdinnen und Juden verunglimpft, auch dadurch beseitigt werden kann, dass sich der Störer von dem Aussagegehalt der Darstellung distanziert und diese durch Kontextualisierung in eine Stätte der Mahnung und Erinnerung umwandelt. Marc-Philippe Weller und Greta Göbel erörtern die Erweiterung der Aktivlegitimation individueller Klägerinnen und Kläger im Fall von antisemitischen Diskriminierungen sowie die Frage der Störungsbeseitigung durch Kontextualisierung, Distanzierung und Umwandlung. Entgegen der Auffassung des BGH, nach der gegebenenfalls bereits der Eingriff in das Persönlichkeitsrecht entfällt, sei die Lösung über eine Abwägung auf Rechtswidrigkeitsebene vorzugswürdig.
Bundesweite Studie zu den Auswirkungen des terroristischen Anschlags am 7. Oktober 2023 auf jüdische und israelische Communities in Deutschland
Translated Title: Study on the effects of the terrorist attack on October 7, 2023 on the Jewish and Israeli communities in Germany
Author(s): Chernivsky, Marina; Lorenz, Friedericke; Hoppe, Sophia; Balzer, Hanne
Date: 2026
Topics: Antisemitism: Jewish Perceptions and Experiences, October 7 2023 Attacks and Aftermath, Age and Generational Issues, Discrimination, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Health: Mental Health, Interviews, Israeli Diaspora and Migrants
Abstract: Der Angriff auf Israel durch die Terrororganisation Hamas am 7.10.2023 markiert für die jüdischen und israelischen Communities in Deutschland einen tiefen Einschnitt.  Jüdinnen_Juden stehen vor der Aufgabe, die traumatischen Folgen des tödlichen Angriffs und der damit einhergehenden antisemitischen Bedrohung zu bewältigen. Die von der Antidiskriminierungsstelle des Bundes geförderte Studie untersucht ab Februar 2024 das Erleben der Phase seit dem 07.10.2023 aus den Perspektiven von Jüdinnen_ Juden verschiedener Generationen und sozialer Hintergründe im urbanen und ländlichen Raum in Deutschland. Mit narrativen Interviews, Gruppendiskussionen und der Dokumentation von Selbstbeobachtungen werden die Wahrnehmungen, Einordnungen und Auswirkungen aus jüdischen Perspektiven erhoben. Dabei werden Veränderungen der Verarbeitungsprozesse im zeitlichen Verlauf und im Zusammenhang mit früheren und aktuellen Ereignissen rekonstruiert. Die Studie wurde am Forschungsbereich des Kompetenzzentrums antisemitismuskritische Bildung und Forschung (KOAS) und dem Arbeitsbereich Antisemitismusforschung am Institut für Rechtsextremismusforschung (IRex) der Universität Tübingen sowie in Kooperation mit OFEK e.V. durchgeführt.

Bei antisemitischer Gewalt und Diskriminierung handelt es sich um eine Form kollektiver Gewalt, die sich gegen Gruppen richtet. Der Begriff der kollektiven Gewalt beschreibt die Gewaltanwendung durch Personen, die sich als Mitglied einer Gruppe sehen und andere Gruppen aus ideologischen Motiven heraus angreifen, um damit politische, wirtschaftliche oder gesellschaftliche Ziele durchzusetzen (vgl. Wilkinson/Marmot 2003). Auf diese Weise trifft die kollektiv gerichtete Gewalt ganze Gemeinschaften und entfaltet ein traumatisches Potenzial (vgl. Auerbach 2022). Menschen, die unter Ausgrenzung und Verfolgung gelitten haben, erleben oft noch Jahrzehnte danach vielfältige Folgewirkungen (vgl. Moré 2015). Die Studie untersucht, wie sich der Terror und die antisemitische Gewalt hier in Deutschland auf das psychische und soziale Wohlbefinden von Betroffenen sowie auf sämtliche soziale Beziehungen nachhaltig auswirkt. In der hiesigen Antisemitismusforschung wurden bislang die Auswirkungen antisemitischer Diskriminierung und Gewalt auf den Alltag, das Wohlbefinden und die Gesundheit von Jüdinnen_Juden bislang kaum untersucht. 

Das Erkenntnisinteresse der Studie betrifft folgende Forschungsfragen:

Wie wirken sich die Ereignisse auf das körperliche, psychische und soziale Wohlbefinden sowie den Alltag von Jüdinnen_Juden verschiedener Herkünfte und Altersgruppen in Deutschland aus?
Inwieweit machen Jüdinnen_Juden in Deutschland Diskriminierungserfahrungen im Zusammenhang mit den öffentlichen Reaktionen auf den Terror gegen Israel seit dem 7.10.2023 und den darauffolgenden Krieg in Israel und im Gazastreifen?
Welche Rolle spielen die transgenerativen Weitergaben der Shoah, frühere Erfahrungen mit Terror und Vertreibung und andere Kriege in der Wirkung und Verarbeitung der aktuellen Erfahrungen?
Antijüdische Diskriminierungen
Translated Title: Anti-Jewish discrimination
Author(s): Schäuble, Barbara
Editor(s): Scherr, Albert
Date: 2022
Topics: Antisemitism: Institutional, Discrimination, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Der Beitrag betrachtet antijüdische Diskriminierungen als Formen der Benachteiligung, des Bestreitens einer eigenständigen Identitätsentwicklung sowie als existenzielle Angriffe, die mit der Konstruktion einer imaginären Gruppe „die Juden“ einhergehen. Sie fußen auf einer Konstellation kultureller Aneignung und Ausnutzung, Unterdrückung, Verdrängung und Verfolgung sowie kulturell verankerten binären und paranoiden Weltanschauungen. Der Beitrag rekonstruiert das Ausmaß, die Formen, die Typik und die Kontexte antisemitischer Diskriminierung auf der Basis von Arbeiten der historisch orientierten Antisemitismusforschung, von jüngeren Studien zu Diskriminierungserfahrungen sowie unter Bezugnahme auf Ergebnisse der Diskurs-, Einstellungs- und Handlungsforschung. Er spricht sich für eine stärkere Berücksichtigung jüdischer Selbstbehauptungspraxen, für einen stärkeren Fokus auf institutionelle Diskriminierung sowie eine Verknüpfung von historischen Fallstudien und aktueller Diskriminierungsforschung aus.
Erkennen, Einorden. Unterstützen.
Translated Title: Recognise. Classify. Support.
Date: 2023
Topics: Antisemitism: Incident Monitoring, Counseling, Discrimination, Antisemitism: Jewish Perceptions and Experiences, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Policy
Antisemitism on Campus: Protecting Free Speech, Preventing Discrimination
Author(s): Freedman, Rosa
Date: 2024
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Israel-Related, Discrimination, Law and Justice, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Universities / Higher Education
Abstract: Since 7th October 2023, when Hamas perpetrated the worst single massacre against Jews since the Holocaust, there has been a surge in antisemitism in UK universities. Some of this has tipped over into outright anti-Jewish discrimination and harassment. Jewish students and staff have reported feeling unable to fully participate in university life, for fear of being abused, harassed, or attacked. This report offers a summary of research by the IntraCommunal Professorial Group (ICPG) aimed at understanding free speech on university campuses especially with regard to the approaches to speech concerning Jews, Israel, Zionism, and the Middle East conflict.

This report sets out the key issues, and a series of recommendations based on the research and grouped together under the subheadings of our three key findings. Those key findings are as follows:

1. UK universities have (a) a general legal duty, to protect freedom of expression on campus; (b) a duty to prevent discrimination and harassment based on protected characteristics; (c) a university-specific institutional duty to protect the academic freedoms of research and study. Currently UK universities are meeting neither (b) nor (c) in their response to the menace to Jewish students and academic staff posed by antisemitism, particularly antiIsrael antisemitism. That is, they are neither preventing discrimination and harassment, nor protecting freedom of research or freedom to study.

2. Anti-Israel protests and encampments on campuses, including in online spaces, have exacerbated what was already considered a hostile environment by many Jewish students and staff. Some university departments, trade unions, and student political milieus – inperson and online – have directly and indirectly discriminated against, abused, harassed and/or excluded Jewish students.

3. Traditional antisemitic concepts and tropes are being used by pro-Palestinian and/or antiIsrael staff and students. Israel and Zionism are regularly demonised and delegitimised, often using blood libels or other anti-Jewish hatred, and students or academics labelled as Zionists are routinely viewed as legitimate targets for discrimination, harassment, abuse, and/or attack.
Viktimisierung und Vorurteile: Der Zusammenhang von Diskriminierungs- und Gewalterfahrungen mit feindseligen Einstellungen gegenüber jüdischen, muslimischen und Schwarzen Personen
Translated Title: Victimization and Prejudice: The Relationship Between Experiences of Discrimination and Violence and Hostile Attitudes Toward Jews, Muslims, and Persons of Color
Author(s): Albrecht, Joëlle; Schwartz, Linda; Pickel, Gert; Schnyder, Nina
Date: 2024
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Racism, Surveys, Islamophobia, Antisemitism: Jewish Perceptions and Experiences, Hate Crime, Violence, Discrimination, Prejudice
Abstract: Diskriminierungs- oder Gewalterfahrungen in den letzten fünf Jahren. Empirische Befunde deuten darauf hin, dass Viktimisierungserfahrungen sowohl mit weniger Empathie als auch mit weniger prosozialem Verhalten einhergehen. Noch nicht erforscht wurden bislang Auswirkungen von Viktimisierungserfahrungen auf feindselige Einstellungen. Fragestellung: Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, wurde in der Schweiz der Einfluss von Diskriminierungs-/Gewalterfahrungen auf feindselige Einstellungen gegenüber jüdischen, muslimischen und Schwarzen Personen untersucht. Methode: Es wurden die Daten „Zusammenleben in der Schweiz (ZidS) 2022“ des Bundesamts für Statistik verwendet, die Antworten von 2 908 zufällig ausgewählten Personen der 15- bis 88-jährigen Schweizer Wohnbevölkerung enthalten. Der Einfluss von Diskriminierungs-/Gewalterfahrungen auf Feindseligkeit wurde mit Regressionsmodellen analysiert. Ergebnisse: Personen mit einer Diskriminierungs- oder Gewalterfahrung wiesen eine stärker ausgeprägte Feindseligkeit auf. Dies zeigte sich bei allen Regressionsmodellen, einzig gegenüber Jüdinnen und Juden ergab sich kein signifikanter Einfluss von Diskriminierungserfahrungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Möglicherweise verstärken Viktimisierungserfahrungen feindselige Einstellungen gegenüber anderen Gruppen. Insofern könnte Prävention dabei unterstützen, intergruppale Feindseligkeit zu reduzieren.
Fatal Alliances: The Entanglement of Antisemitic and Anti-Feminist Dynamics of Exclusion in Germany and Poland
Author(s): Steffen, Katrin
Date: 2025
Topics: Antisemitism: Right-Wing, Gender, Authoritarianism, Discrimination, History and Historiography (Other than Holocaust and Jewish), Main Topic: Antisemitism, Sexism and Misogyny
Abstract: This chapter seeks to analyse the entanglement of exclusionist ideas in antisemitic and anti-feminist thought in Poland and Europe from the late nineteenth century to the present day. It will consider discriminatory politics, practices, and violence against women, Jews, and other groups that were perceived as ‘Other’, drawing on cases from Germany, Poland, and Hungary in a comparative approach. Since connections between exclusion, sexuality, and violence during the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries are currently undergoing reinterpretation, the chapter will also examine developments and examples of anti-gender ideology and right-wing populism in contemporary Poland and Europe and discuss the dangers such shared forms of ressentiment pose to democracy.
Football and Discrimination Antisemitism and Beyond
Editor(s): Brunssen, Pavel; Schüler-Springorum, Stefanie
Date: 2021
Topics: Antisemitism, Discrimination, Sport: Football, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: This book takes a close look at discrimination in football in order to illuminate our understanding of the interaction between sport and wider society, politics and culture, particularly in terms of the (re)production of identity.

It presents insightful and diverse international case studies, including the shadow of fascism in Italian football; fan activism against racism, sexism, and homophobia in US soccer; migrant football clubs in Germany, and the use of football club history in the teaching of antisemitism. Together they demonstrate the damaging societal consequences of unchecked resentment and discrimination in football fan cultures but also the potential for fan activism as a socio-positive force.
Does addressing prejudice and discrimination through Holocaust education produce better citizens?
Author(s): Cowan, Paula; Maitles, Henry
Date: 2007
Topics: Holocaust: Education, Citizenship and Nationality, Curriculum and Schoolbooks, Evaluation and Impact, Main Topic: Holocaust Legacies and Memorial, Longitudinal Studies, Schools: Primary / Elementary, Schools: Non-Jewish, Prejudice, Values, Discrimination
Abstract: Previous research on teaching the Holocaust, primarily case studies in either the primary or the secondary sectors, suggests that Holocaust education can contribute to pupils' citizenship values in a positive way. Yet, in common with other initiatives, this evidence focuses exclusively on the short term impact of Holocaust education. Our ongoing longitudinal research is concerned with both the immediate and longer term effects of Holocaust education on pupils' values and attitudes. Initially focused on primary pupils aged 11–12 years, it has followed them into the first year of secondary to examine whether the general improvements in attitudes found in the first stage of the research has been maintained. Further, we are able to compare their attitudes with pupils in their year who did not study the Holocaust in their primary schools. This article draws conclusions from this study.
Diskriminierungserfahrungen und Bedrohungswahrnehmungen von in Deutschland lebenden Juden
Translated Title: Discrimination experiences and threat perception of Jews living in Germany
Author(s): Beyer, Heiko; Liebe, Ulf
Date: 2020
Topics: Antisemitism, Hate Crime, Antisemitism: Jewish Perceptions and Experiences, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys, Discrimination
Abstract: Basierend auf Daten des Jahres 2018 der Fundamental Rights Agency der Europäischen Union ermittelt der vorliegende Beitrag Ausmaß und Faktoren antisemitischer Vorurteilskriminalität in Deutschland. Zum einen werden die Erfahrungen von in Deutschland lebenden Jüdinnen und Juden mit persönlichen Belästigungen und Beleidigungen, Vandalismus und körperlicher Gewalt innerhalb eines Zeitraumes von fünf Jahren vor dem Erhebungszeitpunkt beleuchtet. Zum anderen beschäftigen wir uns mit der geäußerten Furcht, zukünftig Opfer antisemitischer Übergriffe zu werden. Erfahrungen mit Gewalt und Vandalismus berichten 7 % der 1225 Befragten, und 44 % wurden in den letzten fünf Jahren belästigt, weil sie jüdisch sind. Vor allem Personen, die aufgrund des Tragens von Symbolen als Juden erkennbar sind, waren betroffen und vermeiden gelegentlich oder öfter Plätze in der lokalen Umgebung, weil sie sich dort unsicher fühlen. Wenn die Befragten hingegen in einer mehrheitlich jüdischen Nachbarschaft lebten, sank die Wahrscheinlichkeit Opfer von Belästigungen und Gewalttaten zu werden. Belästigt und beleidigt wurden zudem besonders religiöse Menschen und Personen, die die Unterstützung von Israel als sehr wichtig für ihre jüdische Identität erachten. Diese Personen fühlen sich, ebenso wie jene, die dem Erinnern an den Holocaust eine hohe Bedeutung beimessen, zudem stärker bedroht – eine Bestätigung der Vermutung, dass sekundärer und israelbezogener Antisemitismus ein großes Bedrohungspotential in der aktuellen gesellschaftlichen Situation darstellen. Als Reaktion auf die empfundene Bedrohung verzichten die Befragten zwar laut der vorliegenden Befragung nicht auf das Tragen von jüdischen Symbolen, aber stärkere Bedrohungswahrnehmungen korrelieren mit dem Vermeiden von als gefährlich eingeschätzten Plätzen sowie von jüdischen Veranstaltungen.
The legal framework to combat antisemitism in the EU
Author(s): Kádár, András; European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers
Date: 2024
Topics: Antisemitism, Discrimination, Hate Crime, Law and Justice, European Union / European Commission, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: The experience and perceptions of the Jewish community and wider European population, recorded antisemitic incidents, the increasing level of antisemitic content online and sociological research show the persisting presence of antisemitism in the European Union. A 2021 survey on the prevalence and intensity of anti-Jewish prejudices in 16 European countries found that on average, 20 % of the population in the countries under scrutiny can be regarded as (strongly or moderately) antisemitic, whereas the proportion of latent antisemites was 14 %, with six countries where the aggregate proportion of strongly, moderately and latently antisemitic people was above 50 %. Research has also shown – and it has also been reported from a number of Member States in the context of the current report – that the consecutive crises of the Covid-19 pandemic and the Russian aggression on Ukraine have intensified antisemitic sentiments across Europe. The cut-off date of the research on which the report is based was 7 July 2023, therefore, the study does not reflect the unprecedented spike in antisemitism and antisemitic incidents in Europe and across the world following the horrific terrorist attacks by Hamas on Israeli civilians on 7 October 2023. Thus, the impact of the attacks and their aftermath could not be taken into account in this study. With a view to combating racial and/or religious hatred, including antisemitism, the European Union has not only adopted policies and commitments, but it has also put in place numerous legal instruments that can be used to counter different forms of antisemitism, including but not limited to the Framework Decision on combating certain forms of expressions of racism and xenophobia, the Racial Equality Directive, the Employment Equality Directive, and the Victims’ Rights Directive. The importance of effectively applying this legislation to fight antisemitism is emphasised in the EU Strategy on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life (2021-2030), in which the European Union pledged to ‘step up action to actively prevent and combat’ the phenomenon in all its forms. This thematic report provides a comparative overview of how these legal instruments have been complied with in the 27 EU Member States, and aims to establish how and to what extent the legal framework and its practical application in the different Member States provide protection against antisemitism in three main areas: (i) non-discrimination; (i) hate crimes; and (iii) hate speech. It identifies gaps in the existing legal protections and/or their enforcement across the EU Member States and makes recommendations on mechanisms for the provision of effective protection against acts motivated by antisemitism.
To speak out or not to speak out? Exploring the reporting of discrimination among Muslims and Jews in Switzerland
Author(s): Lindemann, Anaïd; Stolz, Jörg
Date: 2022
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Incident Monitoring, Islamophobia, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Discrimination, Surveys, Interviews
Abstract: Muslims and Jews are among the minorities in Switzerland who are most disliked and discriminated against, but the frequency with which the two groups report racist incidents to official bodies and initiate court proceedings differs greatly. The goal of this paper is to establish the extent of these differences and to explore the reasons for them. We use data from a representative survey, official datasets of reported cases of discrimination and legal proceedings, as well as 27 semi-structured interviews with representatives from Muslim and Jewish organisations, and from government centres that record incidents. We show that Muslims and Jews perceive discrimination at similar levels, but that the latter report discrimination and initiate court proceedings much more frequently than Muslims. We find that these differences can be explained by a divergence between the two groups in terms of perceived costs, in-group norms, structural factors, and organisational opportunities. In comparison to Jews, Muslims typically (1) are less confident that reporting discrimination will have a positive outcome; (2) are more concerned about being seen as ‘victims’; (3) are less well-informed about the possibilities available to them to report discrimination; and (4) come from communities that have lower organisational capacities in this regard.
Examining Discrimination against Jews in Italy with Three Natural Field Experiments
Author(s): Nesseler, Cornel; Gomez-Gonzalez, Carlos; Parshakov, Petr; Dietl, Helmut
Date: 2023
Topics: Antisemitism, Discrimination, Sport: Football, Gender, Work and Employment, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Experiments
Abstract: We use three natural field experiments to examine anti-Semitism in Italy by sending email inquiries to amateur football clubs, landlords, and employers and comparing the response rates to emails sent with Jewish- and non-Jewish-sounding names. Italy is an interesting country as discrimination was heterogeneous and geographically unevenly distributed during World War II. We analyze if today's anti-Semitism in Italy is geographically correlated to the deportations and killings of Jews during the Holocaust. The results show significant discrimination when looking for football club and an apartment, but not when seeking a job. We find markedly different results for women. Comparing areas with different societal and economic implications provides us with a more informed perspective about the extent of discrimination.
Language Discrimination in Polish Public Discourse (Example of Polish Football Fans Discourse)
Author(s): Kowalski, Paweł
Date: 2022
Topics: Antisemitism: Discourse and Tropes, Sport: Football, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Linguistics, Cities, Discrimination
Abstract: In the urban space of Łódź, this paper studies some anti–Semitic aspects of discriminatory discourse of football fans. Its main goal is to present how anti-Semitic discriminatory meanings are formulated and spread in the urban space and how particular social groups (football fans) organize the urban discourse. In the multimodal material from the urban discourse, we scrutinize verbal and visual forms of discrimination captured on the walls of buildings, parks, or shopping centres in various stickers, posters, and flags. This paper implies that the language of particular social groups goes beyond closed internet communication or stadium discourse to a more open social sphere. A consequence of the social polarization found in the analysed data may be the radicalization and vulgarization of language in general
Why Do People Discriminate against Jews?
Author(s): Fox, Jonathan; Topor, Lev
Date: 2021
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Discourse and Tropes, Anti-Zionism, Discrimination, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Literature Reviews and Bibliographies
Abstract: Why Do People Discriminate against Jews? provides a data-rich analysis of the causes of discrimination against Jews across the globe. Using the tools of comparative political science, Jonathan Fox and Lev Topor examine the causes of both government-based and societal discrimination against Jews in 76 countries. As they stress, anti-Semitism is an attitude, but discrimination is an action. In examining anti-Jewish discrimination, they combine ideas and theories from classic studies of anti-Semitism with social science theories on the causes of discrimination. On the one hand, conspiracy theories, a major topic in the anti-Semitism literature, are relatively unexplored in the social science literature as a potential instigator of discrimination. On the other, social science theories developed to explain how governments justify discrimination against Muslims are rarely formally applied to the processes that lead to discrimination against Jews. Fox and Topor conclude by identifying three potential causes of discrimination: religious causes, anti-Zionism, and belief in conspiracy theories about Jewish power and world domination. They conclude that while all three influence discrimination against Jews, belief in conspiracy theories is the strongest determinant. The most rigorous and geographically wide-ranging analysis of discrimination against Jews to date, this book reshapes our understanding of the persecution of religious minorities in general and the Jewish people in particular.

Contents:
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Patterns of Discrimination
Chapter 3: Religious Anti-Semitism
Chapter 4: Anti-Zionism and Anti-Israel Behavior and Sentiment
Chapter 5: Conspiracy Theories
Chapter 6: The British Example
Chapter 7: Conclusions
Appendix
Bibliography
Rectification of Racial Discrimination during WWII: the Case of Restitution Laws in Serbia
Author(s): Davidović, Maja
Date: 2017
Topics: History and Historiography: Holocaust, Main Topic: Holocaust Legacies and Memorial, Restitution and Reparations, Roma and Anti-Roma racism / Anti-Zyganism, Race, Racism, Discrimination, Law and Justice
Abstract: Restitution for the mostly Jewish property and assets that were confiscated by the Nazis during World War II (WWII) in various European states has been a highly debated issue ever since the end of the war. Countries that adhered to the ideas of communism and nationalisation of property in the immediate aftermath of the war failed to address this issue until very recently. Serbia, too, has only began to consider remedying the incredible damage done to its rather small Jewish community. More specifically, in the past decade, Serbia has been trying to repair the damage by passing a series of restitution laws which eventually led to separate legislation on heirless property. This paper explores the substance and application of these laws, as well as the history of discrimination based on which the Serbian Jewish community was persecuted by German occupiers and their collaborators. In doing so, through the lens of Critical Race Theory (CRT), this paper identifies another group that has been persecuted on the basis of race, namely the Romani. What follows from such research is the following: firstly, the law allowed for discrimination on a racial basis of both Jews and Roma during WWII and, secondly, the law is now remedying the damages caused towards the former group, but not the latter. In conclusion, this paper suggests that such a distinction is made due to a possible interest convergence, as defined by CRT.
Antisemitism at Work in the UK: Ignorance and Denial
Author(s): Ashe, Stephen; Renton, James
Date: 2019
Topics: Antisemitism, Discrimination, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Work and Employment
Walka z antysemityzmem i antycyganizmem w Polsce: monitoring, interwencja, edukacja
Translated Title: The Fight Against Antisemitism and Antigypsyism in Poland: Monitoring, Intervention, Education
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Roma and Anti-Roma racism / Anti-Zyganism, Racism, Antisemitism, Discrimination, Policy
Abstract: Przedmiotem naszych badań były dyskryminacyjne struktury i praktyki, które dehumanizują Żydów oraz Romów i Sinti, redukując ich 1do negatywnego stereotypu , który następnie staje się źródłem i/lub uzasadnieniem skierowanych przeciwko nim działań. Poddaliśmy analizie prowadzone w Polsce badania nad antysemityzmem i antycyganizmem w celu zebrania informacji, identyfikacji trendów i mechanizmów, bezpośrednich i pośrednich
przyczyn oraz związków konkretnych działań o charakterze antysemickim lub antycygańskim z szerszymi zjawiskami ksenofobii, rasizmu, uprzedzenia i wykluczenia. Monitorowaliśmy również przejawy antysemityzmu i antycyganizmu w różnych obszarach życia i na tej podstawie przedstawiliśmy nasze rekomendacje. Zidentyfikowaliśmy też poszczególne instytucje i aktorów społeczeństwa obywatelskiego zaangażowanych w walkę z antysemityzmem i antycyganizmem, by odnotować stosowane przez nie strategie i zakończone sukcesem kampanie.
Racisme, antisemitisme, extreemrechts geweld en discriminatie in Nederland: Rapportage incidenten, aangiftes, verdachten en afhandeling 2010 en 2011
Translated Title: Racism, anti-Semitism, right-wing extremism and discrimination in the Netherlands: Reporting incidents, declarations, suspects and handling 2010 and 2011
Author(s): Tierolf, Bas; Hermens, Niels; Drost, Lisanne; Mein, Art
Date: 2013
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Incident Monitoring, Racism, Islamophobia, Violence, Discrimination
Abstract: De onderwerpen racisme, extreemrechts geweld, antisemitisme en discriminatie zijn veelbesproken thema's in Nederland. Niet voor niets betreft gelijke behandeling en het gelijkheidsbeginsel Artikel 1 van onze Grondwet. Dit toont hoe belangrijk dit thema voor onze samenleving is. Een terugkerende vraag in de maatschappelijke en politieke discussies is: hoe vaak wordt het discriminatieverbod overtreden? In deze monitor is deze vraag kwantitatief uitgewerkt voor de jaren 2010 en 2011. De inhoud is gebaseerd op een nieuwe manier van gegevensverzameling bij de politie, die vergelijkingen met andere gegevensbronnen mogelijk maakt.

Deze rapportage is uitgevoerd in opdracht van de Anne Frank Stichting. Te lezen is hoe vaak de genoemde onderwerpen voorkomen in politieregistraties, met het aantal aangiftes, verdachten en de aard van de incidenten. Ook zijn regionale verschillen in Nederland weergegeven en valt te lezen hoe zaken worden afgehandeld door het Openbaar Ministerie.
Vierde rapportage racisme, antisemitisme en extreemrechts geweld in Nederland: Incidenten, aangiftes, verdachten en afhandeling in 2014
Translated Title: Fourth report on racism, anti-Semitism and extreme right-wing violence in the Netherlands: Incidents, declarations, suspects and handling in 2014
Author(s): Tierolf, Bas; Hermens, Niels; Drost, Lisanne; van Kapel, Maaike; Wagenaar, Willem
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Incident Monitoring, Racism, Islamophobia, Violence, Discrimination
Abstract: Deze vierde rapportage Racisme, antisemitisme en extreemrechts geweld in Nederland laat zien dat het aantal racistische incidenten in 2014 flink gestegen is. Het aantal incidenten van moslimdiscriminatie is eveneens fors toegenomen. Tegelijkertijd blijkt dat incidenten van racistisch en antisemitisch schelden juist sterk zijn afgenomen. Ten aanzien van de extreemrechtse formaties zien we voor het eerst sinds jaren enige groei in het gebruik van geweld. De omvang van extreemrechtse formaties blijft wel stabiel en gering.

We zien een verschil in dynamiek bij incidenten van antisemitisch geweld vergeleken met incidenten van racistisch geweld. Bij antisemitisch geweld wordt de aanleiding van het incident vaker gevonden in antisemitische intenties van de betrokkenen, terwijl bij de incidenten van racistisch geweld de racistische intenties veel minder vaak de aanleiding vormen.

Net als vorig jaar is het aantal uitspraken door de rechtbank op basis van discriminatiewetgeving gering. Het Openbaar Ministerie gaat echter vanaf 2015 discriminatie beter zichtbaar maken in haar registratie. Dit moet leiden tot een sterke verbetering van het inzicht in de afdoening van discriminatie-incidenten.
Vijfde rapportage racisme, antisemitisme en extreemrechts geweld in Nederland: Incidenten, aangiftes, verdachten en afhandeling in 2015
Translated Title: Fifth report on racism, anti-Semitism and extreme right-wing violence in the Netherlands: Incidents, declarations, suspects and handling in 2015
Author(s): Tierolf, Bas; van Kapel, Maaike; Hermens, Niels
Date: 2016
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Incident Monitoring, Racism, Islamophobia, Violence, Discrimination
Abstract: Voor het vijfde jaar op rij heeft het Verwey-Jonker Instituut een monitor uitgevoerd voor de Anne Frank Stichting naar racisme, antisemitisme en extreemrechts geweld in Nederland.

Deze rapportage laat zien dat maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen in 2015 invloed hebben gehad op deze thema’s in Nederland. Zo is het aantal incidenten van moslimdiscriminatie ten opzichte van 2014 toegenomen, steeg de actieve aanhang van extreemrechts en nam het aantal antisemitische incidenten af. Naast de beschrijving van deze resultaten, bevat dit rapport een apart hoofdstuk over online-antisemitisme en racisme.

De basis voor de cijfers in deze rapportage zijn de registraties van politie over incidenten die plaatsvonden in 2015. Door een koppeling van deze gegevens aan registraties van het Openbaar Ministerie werd duidelijk dat het aantal uitspraken door de rechtbank op basis van discriminatiewetgeving net als in voorgaande jaren gering is.
Zesde rapportage racisme, antisemitisme en extreemrechts geweld in Nederland: Incidenten, aangiftes, verdachten en afhandeling in 2016
Translated Title: Sixth report on racism, anti-Semitism and extreme right-wing violence in the Netherlands: Incidents, declarations, suspects and handling in 2016
Author(s): Tierolf, Bas; Drost, Lisanne; van Kapel, Maaike
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Incident Monitoring, Racism, Islamophobia, Violence, Discrimination
Abstract: Deze rapportage toont de ontwikkelingen van racisme, antisemitisme en extreemrechts geweld in Nederland tot en met 2016. Dit onderzoek wordt voor het zesde jaar uitgevoerd door het Verwey-Jonker Instituut, in opdracht van de Anne Frank Stichting. Opvallend resultaat is de daling in 2016 van racisme, moslimdiscriminatie en extreemrechts geweld, na de opleving in 2015. Ook het antisemitisme daalde in 2016, hoewel antisemitisch schelden wel weer vaker voorkwam. Dit rapport bevat, naast een beschrijving van deze resultaten, ook een apart hoofdstuk over de dynamiek van antisemitische en racistische incidenten in strafzaken. De basis voor deze cijfers zijn de registraties van de politie over incidenten die plaatsvonden in 2016. De verbeterde koppeling van deze gegevens aan de registraties van het Openbaar Ministerie laat zien dat het aantal uitspraken door de rechtbank op basis van discriminatiewetgeving nog altijd gering is.
Generation 1.5 of Russian-speaking immigrants in Israel and in Germany: An overview of recent research and a German pilot study
Author(s): Remennick, Larissa
Editor(s): Isurin, Ludmilla; Riehl, Claudia Maria
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Migration: Aliyah and Olim, Jewish Populations and Ethnicities: Russian-Speaking and Former Soviet Jewish Diaspora, Integration, Migration: Immigration and Immigrants, Age and Generational Issues, Discrimination, Interviews
Abstract: This chapter offers a comparative overview of immigrant trajectories and inte-gration outcomes of Russian-Jewish youths (the so-called 1.5 generation) who immigrated to Israel and Germany with their families over the last 25 years. At the outset, I compare Israeli and German reception contexts and policies and present the generic features of the 1.5 immigrant generation. Next I overview the Israeli research findings on Russian Israeli 1.5ers – their schooling, social mobility, cultural and linguistic practices, parents’ role in their integration, and juxtapose them with (still limited) German data. 󰀀e final section presents two recent German studies of young Russian-Jewish adults and the initial findings from my own study among these immigrants living in four German cities. My interviews with 20 men and women, mostly successful professionals or entrepreneurs, indicate that their upward social mobility was facilitated by the continuous welfare support of their families, school integration programs, and low financial barriers to higher education. Despite common occupation-al and social downgrading of the parental generation in both countries, the 1.5-ers in Israel had to struggle harder to overcome their inherent immigrant disadvantage vs. native peers to access good schools and professional careers. Most young immigrants deem full assimilation in the host country’s main-stream unattainable and opt instead for a bilingual and/or bicultural strategy of integration
Religious affiliation, ethnicity, and power in admission policies to Jewish religious schools
Author(s): Perry-Hazan, Lotem
Date: 2016
Topics: Main Topic: Education, Schools: Jewish Schools, Law and Justice, Discrimination, Power and Authority
Abstract: This paper analyzes the challenges embedded in the conflict between the right to accessible education, which implies a prohibition on discriminatory practices in school admission, and the right to adaptable education, which accommodates children’s cultural affiliations. It shows that a normative lens, which examines the ways by which legal rules correspond to conflicting rights and interests, cannot fully capture the tension between legal prohibitions on discrimination in education and the sociocultural norms in religious communities. Thus, the paper offers a socio-legal lens, which focuses on the context of admission policies to Jewish religious schools. Based on three test cases of admission policies to Jewish religious schools in Israel, England, and Flanders, Belgium, the paper demonstrates how the legal rules regulating the admission policies are influenced by social forces. In Israel and England, these forces have facilitated a descent down slippery slope, originating with religious criteria, but concluding with discriminatory criteria. They also shaped admission practices reflecting the asymmetric power relations between the institutional school systems and individual families. The paper highlights the benefits of the Belgian policy, which proscribes religious classification of school candidates. This policy circumvents the ambiguous distinction between religion, ethnicity, and social class, and expands educational choices.
The Anti-Israeli Boycott as Discrimination against Jewish Groups and Israeli Persons: International, European and National Legal Trends
Author(s): Naamat, Talia
Topics: Boycott Divestment and Sanctions (BDS), Law and Justice, Antisemitism, Discrimination, European Union / European Commission, Main Topic: Antisemitism
The Paradox of the Italian Jewish Experience in 1990-2010
Author(s): Nissan, Ephraim
Date: 2011
Topics: Anti-Zionism, Antisemitism, Discrimination, Jewish Relations With Non-Jews: Jewish - Christian Relations, Jewish Relations With Non-Jews: Jewish - Muslim Relations, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: There is a paradox to the Italian Jewish experience in the 2000s. Jews are more integrated than ever since 1945, While the Jews are indeed more accepted than ever, sporadic expressions of direct, incontrovertible anti-Semitism have occurred even in the circles of power, and even at the highest levels. For all the persistence, and sometimes transmogrification, of hostile attitudes toward Jews and Israel from some quarters, there is often sympathy from persons from different walks of life. And since the end of the First Republic in the early 1990s, also some of Italy's politicians allow themselves to express sympathy for Israel.
Being a Jewish Woman in French Society
Author(s): Azria, Régine
Editor(s): Epstein, Helen
Date: 1999
Topics: Jewish Women, Gender, Discrimination, Age and Generational Issues, Main Topic: Other
Abstract: French Jewish women today, of both Sephardic and Ashkenazi origin, tend to be middle class and highly educated, with higher divorce rates and fewer children than preceding generations. The younger generation in particular seems to distance itself from the organized Jewish community, likely in keeping with French culture's individualistic values and distaste for sectarian community building. The unaffiliated French Jewish majority poses a concern for Jewish continuity in France and the European Diaspora. Still, with the exception of teaching, women continue to be overwhelmingly excluded from public religious life, despite some progress in the attainment of community leadership positions. Finally, the author notes the lack of data about the role of Judaism in the every day home lives of French Jewish women.
[Jewish Women in] Hungary
Author(s): Taliygas, Katalin
Editor(s): Epstein, Helen
Date: 1999
Topics: Jewish Women, Antisemitism, Discrimination, Jewish Leadership and Representation, Main Topic: Other
Abstract:

This article presents a brief overview of the demographics of the Hungarian Jewish community. It includes reflections on the struggles of individuals and the community, especially women, to deal with the Holocaust legacy, anti-Semitism, and sexism, in modern Hungarian society.
Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Enquiry into Antisemitism
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Discourse and Tropes, Antisemitism: Incident Monitoring, Discrimination, Hate Crime, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: This All-Party Parliamentary Report was commissioned by John Mann MP, Chair of the All-Party
Parliamentary Group Against Antisemitism.
The terms of reference for the report were:
1. To  consider the events of July/August 2014 and the causes and consequences of the
highest-ever recorded number of antisemitic incidents during that period
2. To consider this in the light of the 2006 All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into
Antisemitism report
3. To review the situation in the UK in the light of similar events in Europe and draw any
lessons that can be learnt 
4. To identify and review the effectiveness of existing legal and other frameworks for
addressing antisemitism in the UK, with a view to avoiding the extreme anti-Jewish
violence in Europe that resulted from the conflict
5. To identify models of best practice for guaranteeing intercommunal cohesion and
Jewish communal welfare at times of increased tension
Annual Review: Jewish Communal Security in Britain in 2013
Date: 2014
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Discourse and Tropes, Antisemitism: Incident Monitoring, Hate Crime, Discrimination, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism
Date: 2013
Topics: Surveys, Antisemitism, Discrimination, Hate Crime, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: In 2012, JPR conducted a major study of Jewish perceptions and experiences of antisemitism in Europe, after winning a competitive tender from the European Union. The survey, run in partnership with research agency Ipsos MORI and involving several members of JPR’s international team of Associate Fellows, took place in nine EU Member States: Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Romania, Sweden and the UK.

Conducted in eleven languages, it investigated Jewish populations’ experience of harassment, discrimination, vandalism and violence; whether or not they report these incidents to the police or another authority; how safe and secure they feel; and how aware they are of their rights under the law. In addition, the survey gathered a considerable amount about Jewish identity, communal affiliation, engagement and participation, and Jewish practice.

The findings demonstrate that three-quarters of respondents believe that antisemitism has become worse over the past five years in all countries investigated. Antisemitic verbal threats and harassment are remarkably common – close to a quarter of all respondents said they had personally experienced an incident of this type in the previous twelve months, rising to close to one-third in Hungary and Belgium. Approximately one in fifteen of all respondents said they had experienced at least one antisemitic physical attack – in the form of being hit, pushed or threatened – within the past five years, most commonly in Belgium, France, Germany and Hungary. As is the case with many criminal incidents, respondents recorded widespread under-reporting of these types of incidents to the police or other appropriate organisations. Close to half of all respondents are worried about becoming a victim of a verbal attack or harassment, and approximately a third is worried about becoming a victim of a physical attack.

Significant geographical variations can be discerned, rendering any singular or uniform description of the Jewish population in Europe, or antisemitism in Europe, imprecise at least. Most notably, there are significant distinctions to be drawn between the character of Jewish populations who experienced life under communism, and those who did not. Furthermore, antisemitism manifests itself rather differently: in Eastern Europe it tends to be associated with right-wing ultra-nationalist forces; in Western Europe it is more commonly linked to leftist politics and Islamic extremism.

On the other hand, it is critical to put these findings into context. The vast majority of Jews in the sample feel a strong sense of belonging to the country in which they reside, and are highly integrated into mainstream society. And, when asked to locate the problem of antisemitism in the larger perspective of other problems in society – unemployment, crime, the economy, etc. – it rarely features at the top of the list. Only in Germany does it hold this position; in Latvia and Italy it comes seventh out of nine issues, and in the UK, eighth.
Report of the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism: Government Response
Author(s): Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government
Date: 2007
Topics: Antisemitism, State and Government, Law and Justice, Discrimination, Policy, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Report of the All-Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism
Date: 2006
Topics: Antisemitism, Law and Justice, Policy, State and Government, Discrimination, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: The All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism was commissioned by John Mann MP,
Chairman of the All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism. 
The terms of reference for the inquiry were:
1. To consider evidence on the nature of contemporary antisemitism
2. To evaluate current efforts to confront it
3. To consider further measures that might usefully be introduced
The inquiry was chaired by the former Minister for Europe, Rt Hon Dr Denis MacShane MP
(Labour, Rotherham)
Technical Report: Discrimination and hate crime against Jews in EU Member States: experiences and perceptions of antisemitism
Date: 2013
Topics: Surveys, Antisemitism, Discrimination, Hate Crime, Methodology, Main Topic: Antisemitism