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L’histoire des Juifs à l’époque fasciste dans les manuels scolaires italiens de l’enseignement secondaire de premier et deuxième cycles
Translated Title: The History of the Jews in the Fascist Era in Italian Lower and Upper Secondary School Textbooks
Author(s): Costantini, Francesca
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Education, Curriculum
Abstract: The article analyzes research conducted in 2013 on a sampling of 24 middle and high school history textbooks in an effort to document the ways in which they covered the Holocaust process in Italy. There were three fundamental steps to this process: the passage of the 1938 anti-Jewish laws, the November 1943 Republic of Salò manifesto and police order, which declared that Jews were foreigners who must be arrested immediately, and the extermination of 7,000 other Italian Jews between 1943 and 1945. On these points, we have noted imprecisions and actual omissions, not to mention the use of frequently hesitant terms and an impoverished iconography that generally fails to clearly communicate the gravity of the facts. The gaps in these books serve to scale down Italy’s responsibility for the Holocaust, oftentimes assigning all of the blame to Nazi Germany.
Des White Buses to Auschwitz de la Norvège aux Treni della Memoria italiens
Translated Title: From Norway's White Buses to Auschwitz to Italy's Treni della Memoria
Author(s): Fontana, Laura
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Memorials, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Education, Educational Tours
Abstract: My paper will focus on the Italian memorial trains to Auschwitz, which have become a very popular phenomenon that is still unparalleled in Europe. Namely, I will argue that they are an example of the deterioration of teaching about the Holocaust and the trivialization of Auschwitz. First, neither their pedagogy nor their methodology are sufficiently accurate because most of the teachers who take part in these projects have a passive attitude and fail to coordinate their students’ learning experience. Second, there is a lack of precision regarding the definition of historical facts, which leads to the use of unsuitable language. For instance, terms such as “political deportation,” “forced labor” and “the extermination of the Jews” are conflated. This lack of precision also leads to a moralizing of the Holocaust that risks overlooking and minimizing the specificity of the genocide.
Given the great success of the memorial trains and the initiative’s strong influence on the teaching of history, it is essential that we consider the ways in which teachers respond to the major challenge facing them: how to combine good history instruction with the moral lessons of Auschwitz.
La journée de la Mémoire en Italie : le rôle des institutions entre centre et périphérie (2000-2013)
Translated Title: Memory Day in Italy: the role of institutions between center and periphery (2000-2013)
Author(s): Catalan, Tullia; Levin, Fanny
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Memorials, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memorial
Abstract: This article looks back at 13 years of Italy’s Remembrance Day, from 2001 to 2013, focusing on the ways in which the country’s governmental and administrative institutions organized and participated in the ceremonies. The article is divided into three parts. The first part covers the most important phases of the heated parliamentary debate that led to the establishment of the Remembrance Day. The second part of the article looks at the two levels of the January 27th celebrations, those held in the center and those held in the periphery. It delves into the most heated topics that arose during the national debate, such as the myth of the good Italian with regards to the erasure from Italy’s collective memory of Fascism’s wrongdoing during the Holocaust. This part of the article also explores the ways in which the positions of the center-right risk trivializing the remembrance. Also discussed is the fundamental role assigned to Italy’s president in terms of the recognition of Italians’ wrongdoing during Fascism. The third part of the article focuses specifically on the example of the Risiera di San Sabba in Trieste. It was here more than in any other Italian city that the opposing memories of the left and the right clashed during the Remembrance Day ceremonies.
Mémoire de la destruction du cimetière juif de Thessalonique : quand un passé longtemps enfoui refait surface
Translated Title: The destruction of Thessaloniki’s Jewish cemetery: The remembrance and emergence of a long-buried past
Author(s): Marcou, Loïc
Date: 2022
Topics: Cemeteries, Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Memorials, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory
Abstract: En dépit de quelques zones d’ombre sur le rôle de certains acteurs grecs, l’histoire de la destruction du cimetière juif de Thessalonique est aujourd’hui bien documentée. À la suite des travaux menés par plusieurs historiens, il est en effet établi que la vaste nécropole juive de Thessalonique a été détruite à partir du 6 décembre 1942, sur ordre de l’occupant allemand, à l’instigation de certaines franges de la population chrétienne locale et des autorités municipales qui convoitaient depuis longtemps cet espace de quelque trente-cinq hectares, d’une grande richesse historique, archéologique et épigraphique, situé initialement hors les murs, de la via Egnatia à la colline des « Quarante-Églises », mais bloquant l’extension de la ville vers l’est depuis la démolition de la muraille orientale de la Selanik ottomane à la fin du xixe siècle. Durant les deux semaines qui suivirent l’ordre final de démolition donné par Max Merten, le conseiller civil du commandement militaire allemand de Thessalonique-Égée (Befehlshaber Saloniki-Ägäis), des centaines d’employés rasèrent le vieux cimetière juif dont les pierres tombales furent livrées au pillage puis utilisées comme matériaux de construction. C’est ainsi que nombre de dalles et de stèles funéraires furent disséminées dans toute la ville et qu’elles s’offrent encore aujourd’hui au regard, dispersées à divers endroits de l’ancienne « petite Jérusalem », voire dans les environs.

Au-delà de quelques rappels indispensables pour comprendre dans quelles circonstances le plus vaste cimetière juif sépharad…