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Antisemitism: Overview of data available in the European Union 2008-2018
Date: 2019
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitism can be expressed in the form of verbal and physical attacks, threats, harassment, discrimination and unequal treatment, property damage and graffiti or other forms of speech or text, including on the internet. Antisemitic incidents and hate crime violate fundamental rights, especially the right to human dignity, the right to equality of treatment and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion. The present report provides an overview of data on antisemitism as recorded by international organisations and by official and unofficial sources in the 28 European Union (EU) Member States, based on their own definitions and categorisations. ‘Official data’ are understood here as those collected by law enforcement agencies, other authorities that are part of criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at the national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations. This is the 15th edition of FRA’s report on the situation of data collection on antisemitism in the EU (including reports published by FRA’s predecessor, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia).
Antisemitism in the North: History and State of Research
Editor(s): Adams, Jonathan; Hess, Cordelia
Date: 2020
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Discourse, Attitudes to Jews, Attitudes to Israel, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Jewish - Christian Relations, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Is research on antisemitism even necessary in countries with a relatively small Jewish population? Absolutely, as this volume shows. Compared to other countries, research on antisemitism in the Nordic countries (Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) is marginalized at an institutional and staffing level, especially as far as antisemitism beyond German fascism, the Second World War, and the Holocaust is concerned. Furthermore, compared to scholarship on other prejudices and minority groups, issues concerning Jews and anti-Jewish stereotypes remain relatively underresearched in Scandinavia – even though antisemitic stereotypes have been present and flourishing in the North ever since the arrival of Christianity, and long before the arrival of the first Jewish communities.

This volume aims to help bring the study of antisemitism to the fore, from the medieval period to the present day. Contributors from all the Nordic countries describe the status of as well as the challenges and desiderata for the study of antisemitism in their respective countries.
Young Jewish Europeans: perceptions and experiences of antisemitism
Author(s): Boyd, Jonathan
Date: 2019
Topics: Antisemitism, Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Youth, Surveys, European Union
Abstract: A study of the identities of young Jewish Europeans, with particular emphasis on how contemporary antisemitism is affecting them. Written by JPR for the European Commission and European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA), it is based on FRA data gathered and analysed by JPR/Ipsos.
Antisemitism Today and Tomorrow: Global Perspectives on the Many Faces of Contemporary Antisemitism
Editor(s): Shainkman, Mikael
Date: 2018
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Far right, Antisemitism: Muslim, Antisemitism: Left-Wing, Hate crime, Terrorism
Abstract: This book illustrates the two clear trends in antisemitism today: “old” antisemitism, based in religious and racist prejudices, which has largely disappeared from public discourse in the West after the defeat of Nazi Germany, but has resurfaced in the last quarter-century in the face of right wing frustration of weakening nation states in a globalized world; and “new” antisemitism, or the antisemitic narrativization of Israel, which is most commonly found on the Left, in the Muslim world, and in the post-colonial discourse.

This collection of essays analyzes both old and new antisemitisms, in order to understand their place in the world of today and tomorrow. It is written by experts in the field of antisemitism working for, or connected with, the Kantor Center for the Study of Contemporary European Jewry at Tel Aviv University.

Table of Contents
Acknowledgments

Introduction: The Continuity and Change of Antisemitism
Mikael Shainkman

Different Antisemitisms: On Three Distinct Forms of Antisemitism in Contemporary Europe, with a Special Focus on Sweden
Lars Dencik and Karl Marosi

Holocaust Memory and Holocaust Revisionism in Poland and Moldova: A Comparison
Natalia Sineaeva-Pankowska

Honoring the Collaborators: The Ukrainian Case
Irena Cantorovich

The Rise of the Radical Right in Europe and the Jews
Michael Whine

The Worrisome Defiance of the Golden Dawn
Michal Navoth

The Struggle over the International Working Definition of Antisemitism
Dina Porat

Discrimination against Muslims and Antisemitic Views among Young Muslims in Europe
Günther Jikeli

Debates on Islamized Antisemitism in Austria in the Wake of the Israel-Gaza Conflict, 2014
Julia Edthofer

Antisemitism and the Struggle for the “Good” Society: Ambivalent Responses to Antisemitic Attitudes and Ideas in the 2014 Swedish Electoral Race
Kristin Wagrell

Mohamed Omar and the Selective Detection of Non-Nazi Antisemitism
Mathan Ravid

After the Charlie Hebdo Attack: The Line between Freedom of Expression and Hate Speech
Andre Oboler

Online Antisemitic Propaganda and Negationism in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Ahmadinejad and His Enduring Legacy
Liora Hendelman-Baavur

The Nisman Case: Its Impact on the Jewish Community and on National Politics in Argentina
Adrian Gruszniewski and Lidia Lerner

Venezuela’s 2012 Presidential Elections: Introducing Antisemitism into Venezuelan Political Discourse
Lidia Lerner
Notions of Jewish Power, Manipulation and Conspiracies in Contemporary Antisemitism in Sweden
Author(s): Bachner, Henrik
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Discourse
Anti‐Semitic Attitudes in Europe: A Comparative Perspective
Author(s): Bergmann, Werner
Date: 2008
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys, Antisemitism: Discourse, Comparative Studies
Abstract: The article uses available survey data to depict the depth and spread of anti‐Semitic attitudes across Europe. The main assumption is that European anti‐Semitism, both currently and historically, is closely tied to issues and crises of national self‐identification; for this reason, social identity theory is employed to study the varying configurations of anti‐Semitic prejudice. In most European countries, Jews are a small and socially integrated minority. Attitudes toward them are determined less by concrete experiences of cultural differences, or conflicts over scarce resources, but rather by a perceived threat to the national self‐image. This leads to an accentuation of the pertinent prejudices that blame Jews to be responsible for that threat. This perspective brings to light considerable differences between Eastern and Western Europe and the continuing influence of national traditions.
Manifestations of anti-Semitism in the European Union. First Semester 2002. Synthesis Report
Author(s): Bergmann, Werner; Wetzel, Juliane
Date: 2003
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Antisemitism: Muslim, Anti-Zionism, European Union
Abstract: Alerted early in 2002 by worrying news on anti-Semitic incidents in some Member States the
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) decided to commission a
report on “Manifestations of Anti-Semitism in the EU” covering the first half of 2002. The
report is based partly on short-term information provided to the authors by National Focal
Points (NFPs) of the EUMC, giving special emphasis to the period between May 15 and June
15. The NFPs are the contact points to national networks in the Member States reporting
regularly to the EUMC within its European Information Network RAXEN.
In their reports the National Focal Points were asked to cover the following issues:
– Physical acts of violence towards Jews, their communities, organisations or their
property;
– Verbal aggression/hate speech and other, subtler forms of discrimination towards Jews;
– Research studies reporting anti-Semitic violence or opinion polls on changed attitudes
towards Jews;
– Good practices for reducing prejudice, violence and aggression by NGOs;
– Reactions by politicians and other opinion leaders including initiatives to reduce
polarization and counteract negative national trends.
Can Convenience Samples be Trusted? Lessons From the Survey of Jews in Europe, 2012
Author(s): Staetsky, L. Daniel
Date: 2019
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Methodology, Surveys, Antisemitism, Demography
Abstract: Jews living in the Diaspora form a very small proportion of the total population in all countries without an exception. This situation (‘the rarity problem’) presents a major obstacle to survey taking among Jews: Jews are nearly impossible to capture in numbers conducive to statistical analysis in regular national sample surveys. Various probability-based sampling methods have been applied in the context of Jewish surveys. The key development in the field of Jewish social surveys in Europe, however, is the shift from probability sampling to methods that are reliant on non-probability sampling, either partially or exclusively. Can the insights produced by such samples be trusted? To what extent can they be understood, by academics and policy makers, as a true representation of the realities lived through by contemporary European Jewish populations? These questions are empirically investigated using the FRA 2012 survey - the first cross-European survey of Jewish perceptions and experiences of antisemitism conducted by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, the Institute for Jewish Policy Research and polling agency IPSOS Mori in 2012.
"Just Exotic Enough:" Swedish Chamber Klezmer as Postnational World Music and Mid-East Proxy
Author(s): Kaminsky, David
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Jewish Music, Klezmer, Ethnomusicology
Abstract: Here I examine the music and discourse of two Swedish non-Jewish chamber klezmer bands, and their strategies for claiming klezmer and distancing it from Jews. One band claims that klezmer, having always been subject to travel and outside influence, was never really Jewish. Te other suggests that klezmer was inherited by European non-Jews afer the Holocaust. Both arguments are predicated on the Herderian nationalist denial of cultural ownership to landless peoples. I argue that these claims are ultimately about allowing Swedes to mitigate their anxieties concerning Middle-Eastern immigration, by granting them possession of a safely domesticated form of Easternness.
The Struggle for Justice: A Survey of Child Holocaust Survivors’ Experiences with Restitution
Author(s): Moskovitz, Sarah; Krell, Robert; Moskovitz, Itzik; Askren, Arietta
Editor(s): Roth, John K.; Maxwell, Elizabeth; Levy, Margot; Whitworth, Wendy
Date: 2001
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust, Restitution and Reparations, Trauma, Psychotherapy / Psychoanalysis, Surveys, Holocaust Survivors
Abstract: One and a half million children and adolescents were murdered during the Holocaust. Throughout Europe, thousands of children were hidden. They had the best chance of surviving. Very few children survived concentration camps. From 1938 to 1945, children fled (as in the Kindertransport from Germany and Austria), others hid in cellars, forests, orphanages, convents and with Christian families. By the war’s end, the majority of child survivors under age 16 had been orphaned. Many were entirely alone.
Jewishness and psychoanalysis - the relationship to identity, trauma and exile. An interview study
Author(s): Johansson, Per Magnus; Punzi, Elisabeth
Date: 2019
Topics: Diaspora, Emigration, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Psychotherapy / Psychoanalysis, Refugees, Interviews, Ageing and the Elderly
Abstract: The relationship between psychoanalysis and Jewishness has been debated for over one hundred years and the derogatory term ”Jewish science” has been used to describe psychoanalysis. Because of the Nazi regime both Jewish and non-Jewish psychoanalysts left their homelands. In this study, aging Jewish individuals born in Central Europe and forced into exile were interviewed concerning their perceptions of psychoanalysis and Jewishness, of Jewish identity and exile. Anti-Semitism had influenced their perceptions of their work in the psychoanalytic field. The findings are discussed in relation to the current position of psychoanalysis as well as to questions of trauma and exile.
Politics and Resentment: Antisemitism and Counter-Cosmopolitanism in the European Union
Editor(s): Rensmann, Lars; Schoeps, Julius H.
Date: 2011
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, European Union, Antisemitism: New Antisemitism
Abstract: Democratic polities continue to be faced with politics of resentment. Along with resurgent counter-cosmopolitanism and anti-immigrant prejudice, various political agents have mobilized old and modernized antisemitism in European democracies. The first comparative study of its kind, this book rigorously examines the contemporary relevance of antisemitism and other politicized resentments in the context of the European Union and beyond. Presenting new approaches and state-of-the-art research by leading authorities in the field, the volume combines comparative work and political theorizing with ten single country studies using qualitative and quantitative data from Eastern and Western Europe. The result is a new and sober set of arguments and findings, demonstrating that antisemitism and counter-cosmopolitan resentment are still all too present human rights challenges in today’s cosmopolitan Europe.

Contents:

I. Foundations
Politics and Resentment: Examining Antisemitism and Counter-Cosmopolitanism in the European Union and Beyond
Lars Rensmann & Julius H. Schoeps
II. European Comparisons
Is There a New “European Antisemitism”? Public Opinion and Comparative Empirical Research in Europe
Werner Bergmann
“Against Globalism”: Counter-Cosmopolitan Discontent and Antisemitism in Mobilizations of European Extreme Right Parties
Lars Rensmann
Antisemitism and Anti-Americanism: Comparative European Perspectives
Andrei S. Markovits
Playing the Nazi-Card: Israel, Jews, and Antisemitism
Paul Iganski & Abe Sweiry
III. Eastern Europe
The Empire Strikes Back: Antisemitism in Russia
Stella Rock & Alexander Verkhovsky
Hatred Towards Jews as a Political Code? Antisemitism in Hungary
András Kovács
The Resilience of Legacies: Antisemitism in Poland and the Ukraine
Ireneusz Krzemiński
IV. Western Europe
Beyond the Republican Model: Antisemitism in France
Jean-Yves Camus
The Liberal Tradition and Unholy Alliances of the Present: Antisemitism in the United Kingdom
Michael Whine
Political Cultures of Denial? Antisemitism in Sweden and Scandinavia
Henrik Bachner
Erosion of a Taboo: Antisemitism in Switzerland
Christina Späti
Anti-Jewish Guilt Deflection and National Self-Victimization: Antisemitism in Germany
Samuel Salzborn
V. Epilogue
Theorizing Antisemitism and Counter-Cosmopolitanism in the Global Age: A Political Crisis of Postmodernity?
Lars Rensmann
Antisemitism och islamofobi – utbredning, orsaker och preventivt arbete
Translated Title: Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia - Distribution, Causes and Preventive Work
Author(s): Löwander, Birgitta; Hagström, Mirjam
Date: 2011
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Islamophobia
Abstract: "Antisemitism och islamofobi" är en kartläggning av befintlig kunskap och forskning om antisemitism och islamofob. Sammanställningen redovisar hur antisemitism och islamofobi kan definieras och förklaras, fenomenens omfång och exempel på förebyggande arbete.

Judiska och muslimska intresseorganisationer och forskare inom båda områdena har bidragit till sammanställningen.
Rasism och främlingsfientlighet i Sverige – Antisemitism och islamofobi 2005
Translated Title: Racism and xenophobia in Sweden - Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia 2005
Date: 2016
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Antisemitism: Muslim, Islamophobia, Interviews
Contemporary Jewish Writing in Europe: A Guide
Editor(s): Liska, Vivian; Nolden, Thomas
Date: 2007
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Literature, Jewish Culture, Jewish Revival
Abstract: With contributions from a dozen American and European scholars, this volume presents an overview of Jewish writing in post–World War II Europe. Striking a balance between close readings of individual texts and general surveys of larger movements and underlying themes, the essays portray Jewish authors across Europe as writers and intellectuals of multiple affiliations and hybrid identities. Aimed at a general readership and guided by the idea of constructing bridges across national cultures, this book maps for English-speaking readers the productivity and diversity of Jewish writers and writing that has marked a revitalization of Jewish culture in France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Hungary, Poland, and Russia.

Introduction Thomas Nolden and Vivian Liska
1. Secret Affinities: Contemporary Jewish Writing in Austria Vivian Liska
2. Writing against Reconciliation: Contemporary Jewish Writing in Germany Stephan Braese
3. Remembering or Inventing the Past: Second-Generation Jewish Writers in the Netherlands Elrud Ibsch
4. Bonds with a Vanished Past: Contemporary Jewish Writing in Scandinavia Eva Ekselius
5. Imagined Communities: Contemporary Jewish Writing in Great Britain Bryan Cheyette
6. A la recherche du Judaïsme perdu: Contemporary Jewish Writing in France Thomas Nolden
7. Ital'Yah Letteraria: Contemporary Jewish Writing in Italy Christoph Miething
8. Writing along Borders: Contemporary Jewish Writing in Hungary Péter Varga with Thomas Nolden
9. Making Up for Lost Time: Contemporary Jewish Writing in Poland Monika Adamczyk-Garbowska
10. De-Centered Writing: Aspects of Contemporary Jewish Writing in Russia Rainer Grübel and Vladimir Novikov
Antisemitiska attityder och föreställningar i Sverige
Translated Title: Antisemitic images and attitudes in Sweden
Author(s): Bachner, Henrik; Ring, Jonas
Date: 2006
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Surveys
Abstract: Föreliggande undersökning, som utförts på uppdrag av Forum för levande historia och Brottsför e by ggande rådet, syftar till att kartlägga och därigenom öka kunskapen om antisemitismens utseende oc h förekomst hos den svenska befolkningen.

De primära frågeställningar studien sökt besvara är: Hur utbredda är antisemitiska föreställningar och attityder? Vilket genomslag har olika historiska och samtida antijudiska motiv och teman? Hur sammanhänger förekomst av antisemitism med vissa sociala, politiska och andra bakgrundsförhållanden?

Undersökningen genomfördes under perioden mars–maj 2005 som en postenkät till ett urval av drygt 5 000 personer i åldern 16–75 år, folkbokförda i Sverige (det totala antalet individer i detta åldersspann var vid undersökningstillfället cirka 6 528 000 individer). Sammanlagt erhölls 2 956 enkätsvar vilket innebär en svarsfrekvens på 59 procent. Enkäten innehöll huvudsakligen frågor om attityder till judar. Frågorna var ställda i form av påståenden och respondenterna fi ck markera i vilken grad de instämde respektive tog avstånd från dessa påståenden. Enkäten innehöll även en del bakgrundsfrågor.
Perceptions of antisemitism
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Surveys, European Union
Abstract: Summary:

This Special Eurobarometer survey on 'perceptions of antisemitism' was carried out in December 2018 and presents a snapshot of the way European perceive antisemitism.

Further information:

The Report shows that perceptions among Europeans on this issue are very divided - while every other European considers Antisemitism to be a problem in their country, 4 in 10 Europeans actually do not consider it to be an issue in their country. The results also show that there is a perception gap on Antisemitism: while 89% of Jews say that Antisemitism significantly increased over a period of 5 years, only 36% of the general public consider it has indeed increased.
CNN Anti-Semitism in Europe Poll 2018: A survey of adults across 7 European countries testing anti-Semitic attitudes
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Surveys
Abstract: ComRes surveyed 7,092 adults online in seven countries between 7th September – 20th September (Great Britain, 1010; France, 1006; Germany, 1012; Poland, 1020; Hungary, 1019; Sweden 1018; Austria, 1007). Data were weighted to be representative of each country based on age, gender and region.

Over a third of adults (36%) say they are not favourable towards Muslims in their country, compared with one in ten (10%) who say they are unfavourable towards Jews
Three in ten (28%) adults say Jewish people have too much influence in finance and business across the world, compared with other people
One in five (20%) adults say Jewish people have too much influence in media across the world compared to other people
More than two in five (44%) agree anti-Semitism is a growing problem in their country today
Two in five (40%) adults agree Jewish people are at risk of racist violence in their country
Over half (54%) of adults agree Israel has a right to exist as a Jewish state
One third (32%) of adults agree criticism of Israel tends to be motivated by anti-Semitism
Three in ten (31%) adults agree Jewish people use the Holocaust to advance their position or to achieve certain goals
Over half (56%) of adults say they are not aware of ever having socialised with a Jewish person
Reflections on the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) survey of Jewish people’s experiences and perceptions of antisemitism
Author(s): Boyd, Jonathan
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Surveys
Abstract: This paper outlines JPR’s initial reflections on the findings contained in the new European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) report about antisemitism in Europe. It contains four sections:

1. Background to the study and JPR’s involvement in it;
2. A summary of the key findings;
3. A note about data reliability;
4. Our view of how the data should be read and understood.
Experiences and perceptions of antisemitism: Second survey on discrimination and hate crime against Jews in the EU
Author(s): European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Surveys, Antisemitism: Monitoring
Abstract: This report presents the main findings of FRA’s second survey on Jewish people’s experiences and perceptions of hate crime, discrimination and antisemitism. It analyses data from the responses of 16,395 selfidentified Jewish people (aged 16 or over) in 12 EU Member States – Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. These Member States are home to over 96 % of the EU’s estimated Jewish population. In addition to the 12 EU Member States mentioned above, FRA also carried out the survey in Latvia. Due to the low response level to the online dissemination campaign in Latvia, changes in recruitment methodology and data collection were applied. While the survey was able to reach more respondents in this way, the changes in the respondent recruitment and data collection methods limit the scope for comparisons between Latvia and the other survey countries.
The religious affiliation and anti-Semitism of secondary school-age Swedish youths: an analysis of survey data from 2003 and 2009
Author(s): Bevelander, Pieter; Hjerm, Mikael
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Muslim, Antisemitism, Surveys, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Schools: Non-Jewish
Abstract: Not only Swedish studies, but also several international studies, claim an increase in anti-Semitic attitudes in recent decades. As prejudice is acquired in the early years of socialization, and/or is innate and fairly stable over the life cycle, examining adolescents’ attitudes is vitally important. Hence, by controlling for individual demographic and socio-economic background factors, we study two interrelated questions: Has anti-Semitism among Swedish secondary school-age youths changed between 2003 and 2009? Are changes equal across groups, with a specific focus on religious groups? Using two unique cross-section surveys of secondary school-age students in Sweden for the years 2003 and 2009, we try to address the above questions. Our analysis shows, in contrast to the views of the general public and other related studies, that anti-Semitism has decreased slightly during the examined period. Moreover, the study finds a variation in anti-Semitism by religious affiliation: it has increased among Muslim youth, but remains stable in other groups.
Fourth Survey of European Jewish Community Leaders and Professionals, 2018
Author(s): Kosmin, Barry A.
Date: 2018
Topics: Antisemitism, Fundraising and Philanthropy, Israel Attachment, Jewish Continuity, Religious Denominations, Security, Surveys, Jewish Leadership, Jewish Organisations, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity
Abstract: The Fourth Survey of European Jewish Community Leaders and Professionals, 2018 presents the results of an online survey offered in 10 languages and administered to 893 respondents in 29 countries. Conducted every three years using the same format, the survey seeks to identify trends and their evolution in time.

The survey asked Jewish lay leaders and community professionals questions regarding future community priorities, identifying the main threats to Jewish life, views on the safety and security situation in their cities, including emergency preparedness, and opinions on an array of internal community issues. Examples include conversions, membership criteria policies on intermarriage, and their vision of Europe and Israel.

The respondents were comprised of presidents and chairpersons of nationwide “umbrella organizations” or Federations; presidents and executive directors of private Jewish foundations, charities, and other privately funded initiatives; presidents and main representatives of Jewish communities that are organized at a city level; executive directors and programme coordinators, as well as current and former board members of Jewish organizations; among others.

The JDC International Centre for Community Development established the survey as a means to identify the priorities, sensibilities and concerns of Europe’s top Jewish leaders and professionals working in Jewish institutions, taking into account the changes that European Jewry has gone through since 1989, and the current political challenges and uncertainties in the continent. In a landscape with few mechanisms that can truly gauge these phenomena, the European Jewish Community Leaders Survey is an essential tool for analysis and applied research in the field of community development.

The Survey team was directed by Dr. Barry Kosmin (Trinity College), who has conducted several large national social surveys and opinion polls in Europe, Africa and the U.S., including the CJF 1990 US National Jewish Population Survey.
Jewish Swedish in Sweden
Author(s): Klagsbrun Lebenswerd, Patric Joshua
Editor(s): Hary, Benjamin; Benor`, Sarah Bunin
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Language, Linguistics
Gestaltningen och etablerandet av Förintelseminnet i Sverige: Förintelsemonument i Sverige 1990–2009
Translated Title: The design and establishment of Holocaust memorials in Sweden: Holocaust memorials in Sweden 1990-2009
Author(s): Schult, Tanja
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Memorials, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial
Abstract: I föregående artikel (publicerad i Nordisk judaistik 27(2)) visades hur minnet av Förintelsen gavs tidigt uttryck för i form av minnesstenar och monument, även i Sverige. Men trots dessa verk fanns det fortfarande ett behov inom den judiska minoriteten efter fler minnesmonument och en växande önskan att också majoritetsbefolkningen skulle minnas Förintelsen. Om detta kan ni läsa här, i del 2. Sammantaget speglar de olika monumenten ett skiftande, men ihållande behov hos i Sverige bosatta överlevande och deras barn som kommit hit i slutet av eller efter kriget och blivit en del av det svenska samhället, om än inte alltid av en judisk församling. De ville ha en plats att sörja och de ville också att deras lidande skulle erkännas som ett identitetsskapande element inom den grupp de var en del av och i det samhälle de levde i. De olika Förintelsemonumenten illustrerar hur minoritets- och majoritetssamhällets minne långsamt närmar sig varandra. Inte minst på grund av de överlevandes engagemang har Förintelsen varit en konstant referenspunkt i det judiska minoritetssamhället. Så småningom har folkmordet också i majoritetssamhället blivit en viktig referenspunkt, som så sent som på 1990-talet, inte minst av institutioner som Forum för levande historia, tagits som utgångspunkt för att värna om demokrati och förmedla vikten av mänskliga rättigheter.
The Holocaust as Active Memory: The Past in the Present
Editor(s): Seeberg, Marie Louise; Levin, Irene; Lenz, Claudia
Date: 2013
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Survivors, Holocaust Survivors: Children of, Holocaust Education, Oral History and Biography
Abstract: The ways in which memories of the Holocaust have been communicated, represented and used have changed dramatically over the years. From such memories being neglected and silenced in most of Europe until the 1970s, each country has subsequently gone through a process of cultural, political and pedagogical awareness-rising. This culminated in the ’Stockholm conference on Holocaust commemoration’ in 2000, which resulted in the constitution of a task force dedicated to transmitting and teaching knowledge and awareness about the Holocaust on a global scale. The silence surrounding private memories of the Holocaust has also been challenged in many families. What are the catalysts that trigger a change from silence to discussion of the Holocaust? What happens when we talk its invisibility away? How are memories of the Holocaust reflected in different social environments? Who asks questions about memories of the Holocaust, and which answers do they find, at which point in time and from which past and present positions related to their societies and to the phenomenon in question? This book highlights the contexts in which such questions are asked. By introducing the concept of ’active memory’, this book contributes to recent developments in memory studies, where memory is increasingly viewed not in isolation but as a dynamic and relational part of human lives.

Contents: Introduction: the Holocaust as active memory; Linking religion and family memories of children hidden in Belgian convents during the Holocaust, Suzanne Vromen; Collective trajectory and generational work in families of Jewish displaced persons: epistemological processes in the research situation, Lena Inowlocki; In a double voice: representations of the Holocaust in Polish literature, 1980-2011, Dorota Glowacka; Winners once a year? How Russian-speaking Jews in Germany make sense of WWII and the Holocaust as part of transnational biographic experience, Julia Bernstein; Women’s peace activism and the Holocaust: reversing the hegemonic Holocaust discourse in Israel, Tova Benski and Ruth Katz; ’The history, the papers, let me see it!’ Compensation processes: the second generation between archive truth and family speculations, Nicole L. Immler; From rescue to escape in 1943: on a path to de-victimizing the Danish Jews. Sofie Lene Bak; Finland, the Vernichtungskrieg and the Holocaust, Oula Silvennoinen; Swedish rescue operations during the Second World War: accomplishments and aftermath, Ulf Zander; The social phenomenon of silence, Irene Levin; Index.
Antisemitic Attitudes among Muslims in Europe: A Survey Review
Author(s): Jikeli, Günther
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Muslim, Surveys, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: In Western Europe, Muslims have been identified as a significant group of perpetrators of antisemitic acts. Is the level of antisemitism higher among Muslims than among non-Muslims? This paper will discuss European surveys on antisemitism and compare attitudes between Muslims and non-Muslims. It is based on the review of surveys from nine countries with more than 40,000 participants,
including almost 13,000 Muslims altogether. While no comprehensive study has been conducted on an international comparative scale and most national studies focus on selective samples such as certain ethnicities or student groups, a review of the available surveys shows a clear tendency: antisemitic attitudes are significantly more widespread among Muslims than among other segments of European societies. What is more, the interpretation of Islam seems to be highly relevant. Antisemitic attitudes are particularly strong among believing and practicing Muslims and correlate with authoritarian, “fundamentalist” interpretations of Islam. A comprehensive survey on antisemitism in France is discussed in detail.
European Jewish identity: Mosaic or monolith? An empirical assessment of eight European countries
Author(s): Graham, David
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Antisemitism, Intermarriage, Religious Observance and Practice, Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism, Surveys
Abstract: JPR’s report, European Jewish identity: Mosaic or monolith? An empirical assessment of eight European countries, authored by Senior Research Fellow Dr David Graham, asks whether there is such a thing as a European Jewish identity, and, if so, what it looks like.

The question of whether there is a Jewish identity that is at once common to all European Jews but also peculiar to them, has intrigued scholars of contemporary Jewry since the fall of the Berlin Wall. This study contrasts the European picture with the two major centres of world Jewry, the United States and Israel, and examines the nature and content of Jewish identity across Europe, exploring the three core pillars of belief, belonging and behaviour around which Jewish identity is built.

This research was made possible by the advent of the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) survey in 2012 examining Jewish people’s experiences and perceptions of antisemitism across nine EU Member States: Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Romania, Sweden and the UK. As well as gathering data about antisemitism, the study investigated various aspects of the Jewishness of respondents, in order to ascertain whether different types of Jews perceive and experience antisemitism differently. This study focuses on the data gathered about Jewishness, thereby enabling direct comparisons to be made for the first time across multiple European Jewish communities in a robust and comprehensive way.

The report concludes that there is no monolithic European identity, but it explores in detail the mosaic of Jewish identity in Europe, highlighting some key differences:
• In Belgium, where Jewish parents are most likely to send their children to Jewish schools, there is a unique polarisation between the observant and non-observant;
• In France, Jews exhibit the strongest feelings of being part of the Jewish People, and also have the strongest level of emotional attachment to Israel;
• Germany’s Jewish community has the largest proportion of foreign-born Jews, and, along with Hungary, is the youngest Jewish population;
• In Hungary the greatest relative weight in Jewish identity priorities is placed on 'Combating antisemitism,' and the weakest level of support for Israel is exhibited;
• In Italy, respondents are least likely to report being Jewish by birth or to have two Jewish parents;
• The Jews of Latvia are the oldest population and the most likely to be intermarried;
• The Jews of Sweden attach a very high level of importance to 'Combating antisemitism' despite being relatively unlikely to experience it, and they observe few Jewish practices;
• In the United Kingdom, Jews observe the most religious practices and appear to feel the least threatened by antisemitism. They are the most likely to be Jewish by birth and least likely to be intermarried.

According to report author, Dr David Graham: “This report represents far more than the culmination of an empirical assessment of Jewish identity. Never before has it been possible to examine Jewish identity across Europe in anything approaching a coherent and systematic way. Prior to the FRA’s survey, it was almost inconceivable that an analysis of this kind could be carried out at all. The formidable obstacles of cost, language, political and logistical complexity seemed to present impenetrable barriers to the realisation of any such dream. Yet this is exactly what has been achieved, a report made possible through an FRA initiative into furthering understanding of Jewish peoples' experience of antisemitism. It reveals a European Jewry that is more mosaic than monolith, an array of Jewish communities, each exhibiting unique Jewish personas, yet united by geography and a common cultural heritage."
Antisemitism: Overview of data available in the European Union 2006-2016
Author(s): European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Date: 2017
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitism can be expressed in the form of verbal and physical attacks, threats, harassment, property damage and graffiti or other forms of speech or text, including on the internet. Antisemitic incidents and hate crime violate fundamental rights, including the right to human dignity, the right to equality of treatment and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

This annual overview compiles the available evidence on antisemitic incidents collected by governmental and non-governmental sources, covering the period 1 January 2006– 31 December 2016, where data are available. In addition, it includes a section that presents evidence from international organisations. No official data on reported antisemitic incidents in 2016 were available for 11 Member States by the time this report was compiled in September 2017.

‘Official data’ are understood here as those collected by law enforcement agencies, other authorities that are part of criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at the national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations.
Violence Antisémite en Europe 2005-2015 (France, Allemagne, Suède, Norvège, Danemark, Russie et Royaume-Uni)
Translated Title: Antisemitic Violence in Europe (France, Germany, Sweden, Norwat, Denmark, Russia and the UK)
Author(s): Enstad, Johannes Due
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Violence, Terrorism, Hate crime
Abstract: Quelle est la fréquence des actes antisémites violents dans l’Europe d’aujourd’hui et quelles sont les tendances observables ? Dans quelle mesure les membres de la communauté juive sont-ils exposés dans les différents pays ? Qui sont les auteurs de ces crimes ?
Il est évidemment impératif de pouvoir répondre à ces questions aussi précisément que possible si l’on veut combattre efficacement l’antisémitisme, et en particulier l’antisémitisme violent.
Le travail présenté dans cette note tente d’établir une première comparaison des niveaux de violence antisémite dans différents pays en combinant les données relatives aux incidents fondées sur les rapports de police avec les résultats d’une enquête sur l’antisémitisme réalisée en 2012 par l’Agence des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne (FRA). Un échantillon de sept pays (Allemagne, Danemark, France, Royaume-Uni, Norvège, Suède et Russie) permet d’esquisser des analyses mais c’est surtout sur la base des données de quatre pays du panel (France, Royaume-Uni, Allemagne et Suède) que l’étude comparative a été rendue possible. C’est en France que l’exposition des Juifs à la violence antisémite semble la plus forte.
Concernant les auteurs d’actes antisémites violents, les données disponibles montrent, en Europe de l’Ouest, la prédominance de personnes de culture musulmane, alors qu’en Russie le profil qui prévaut est celui de militants d’extrême droite.
Les résultats présentés ici constituent une première contribution à une évaluation rigoureuse de l’antisémitisme violent dans les pays européens. Ce travail appelle à la construction d’indicateurs communs. La définition d’une mesure précise de l’antisémitisme est l’outil indispensable d’une lutte efficace contre ce redoutable préjugé, capable d’engendrer des comportements violents, y compris meurtriers.
Antisemitic Violence in Europe, 2005-2015 Exposure and Perpetrators in France, UK, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Russia
Author(s): Enstad, Johannes Due
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Muslim, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Terrorism
Abstract: How often do incidents of antisemitic violence occur in contemporary Europe, and what trends are
showing? How exposed are Jewish populations in different countries? Who commits these crimes? We
need to answer such questions as precisely as possible in order to effectively combat and prevent
antisemitism in general and violent antisemitism in particular, but we lack the knowledge to do so because
systematic studies of the subject are few and far between. As a step towards filling this research gap, the
current report presents some tentative findings about violent antisemitism in a sample of European
countries and proposes directions for further research.

Combining incident data based on police reporting with a 2012 survey on antisemitism carried out by
the European Union’s Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA), this report tentatively compares the levels of
antisemitic violence in different countries. The seven-country sample contains comparable data for France,
UK, Germany and Sweden only. Among these countries, Jews’ exposure to antisemitic violence appears to
have been highest in France, lower in Sweden and Germany, and lowest in the United Kingdom.
Figures for Norway, Denmark and Russia are not directly comparable because of differing data
sources. However, Russia clearly stands out with a very low number of incidents considering Russia’s
relatively large Jewish population. Russia is also the only case in which there is little to indicate that Jews
avoid displaying their identity in public.

Available data on perpetrators suggest that individuals of Muslim background stand out among
perpetrators of antisemitic violence in Western Europe, but not in Russia, where right-wing extremist
offenders dominate. Attitude surveys corroborate this picture in so far as antisemitic attitudes are far more
widespread among Muslims than among the general population in Western Europe.
The findings presented here are tentative. More and better data as well as more research are needed in
order to form a more accurate picture of the nature and causes of antisemitic violence, a prerequisite for
determining relevant countermeasures.
Antisemittisk vold i Europa, 2005 - 2015: Utsatthet og gjerningspersoner i Frankrike, Storbritannia, Tyskland, Sverige, Norge, Danmark og Russland
Translated Title: Antisemitic Violence in Europe, 2005-2015 Exposure and Perpetrators in France, UK, Germany, Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Russia
Author(s): Enstad, Johannes Due
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Muslim, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Terrorism
Abstract: Hvor ofte forekommer antisemittiske voldshendelser i dagens Europa, og hvilken vei går utviklingen?
Hvor utsatt er de jødiske befolkningene i ulike land? Og hvem står bak ugjerningene? Effektiv forebygging
og bekjempelse er avhengig av at slike spørsmål besvares så presist som mulig, men vi mangler den
nødvendige kunnskapen ettersom svært lite forskning er gjort på feltet. Denne rapporten presenterer noen
tentative funn om voldelig antisemittisme i et utvalg europeiske land og foreslår retninger for videre
forskning.

Ved å bruke hendelsestall basert på anmeldelser i kombinasjon med EUs Fundamental Rights Agency
(FRA) sin spørreundersøkelse om antisemittisme fra 2012, er det mulig å foreta en begrenset og tentativ
sammenlikning av det antisemittiske voldsnivået på tvers av land. I denne rapportens utvalg foreligger
sammenliknbare data kun for Frankrike, Storbritannia, Tyskland og Sverige. Jøders utsatthet for
antisemittisk vold synes å være høyest i Frankrike, mindre i Sverige og Tyskland, og lavest i Storbritannia.
Tall for Norge, Danmark og Russland er ikke sammenliknbare på grunn av mangelfulle data. Vi har
telt 10 hendelser i Norge, 20 i Danmark og 33 i Russland for perioden 2005-2015. Nivået i Russland er
tilsynelatende svært lavt i forhold til vesteuropeiske land og gitt Russlands relativt store jødiske minoritet.
Russland er også det eneste landet der vi ikke har funnet indikasjoner på at jøder unngår å vise sin identitet
offentlig.

Tilgjengelige data tyder på at personer med bakgrunn fra muslimske land skiller seg ut blant dem som
begår antisemittiske voldshandlinger i Vest-Europa, men ikke i Russland, der høyreekstreme aktører
dominerer. Holdningsundersøkelser bygger opp under dette bildet for så vidt som antisemittiske
holdninger er betydelig mer utbredt blant muslimer enn befolkningen generelt i vesteuropeiske land.
Denne rapportens funn er tentative og ment som et oppspill til videre forskning. Bedre data og flere
systematiske studier er nødvendig for å danne et mer presist bilde av fenomenet og dets årsaker, hvilket
igjen er en forutsetning for å kunne bestemme relevante mottiltak.
Media Images and Experiences of Being a Jew in the Swedish City of Malmö
Author(s): Wigerfelt, Anders; Wigerfelt, Berit
Date: 2016
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism, Hate crime, Antisemitism: Muslim
Abstract: A series of high-profile incidents in and after 2008 placed Malmö in southern Sweden on the national and international map as a place that was unsafe for people identified as Jews. The primary aim of this article is to explore and exemplify what it is like to live with Jewish identity in Malmö within a framework of how the media reports anti-Semitism and how this group copes with being the potential target of anti-Semitic harassment and hate crime. Based on interviews with people with Jewish identity in Malmö, we analyze and discuss their experiences using different themes, such as violent and everyday anti-Semitism, the local impact of the Israel–Palestine conflict, how media images affect their lives, and how exposure and vulnerability are dealt with. The findings are important in terms of both possible long-term measures against anti-Semitism and as immediate support for those targeted.
Overview of Immovable Property Restitution/Compensation Regime - Sweden (As of 13 December 2016)
Author(s): European Shoah Legacy Institute (ESLI)
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Survivors, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Restitution and Reparations, Holocaust
Abstract: The Holocaust (Shoah) Immovable Property Restitution Study is the first-ever comprehensive
compilation of all significant legislation passed since 1945 by the 47 states that participated in
the 2009 Prague Holocaust Era Assets Conference and endorsed the 2009 Terezin Declaration
that came out of the Prague conference.

The Terezin Declaration (and its companion document, the 2010 Guidelines and Best Practices,
endorsed by 43 countries) focuses in substantial part on the treatment of immovable (real)
property restitution: private, communal, and heirless property. The Study examined private,
communal, and heirless property as discrete components of each country’s restitution efforts
from 1944 to 2016.

Sweden endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices
in 2010.

As part of the European Shoah Legacy Institute’s Immovable Property Restitution Study,
a Questionnaire covering past and present restitution regimes for private, communal and
heirless property was sent to all 47 Terezin Declaration governments in 2015. Sweden
submitted a response in November 2015
Holocaust (Shoah) Immovable Property Restitution Study
Author(s): European Shoah Legacy Institute (ESLI)
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Survivors, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Restitution and Reparations
Abstract: The Holocaust (Shoah) Immovable Property Restitution Study is the first-ever comprehensive
compilation of all significant legislation passed since 1945 by the 47 states that participated in
the 2009 Prague Holocaust Era Assets Conference and endorsed the 2009 Terezin Declaration
that came out of the Prague conference.

The Terezin Declaration (and its companion document, the 2010 Guidelines and Best Practices,
endorsed by 43 countries) focuses in substantial part on the treatment of immovable (real)
property restitution: private, communal, and heirless property. The Study examined private,
communal, and heirless property as discrete components of each country’s restitution efforts
from 1944 to 2016.
Legislation Survey: Regulating Online Hate Speech in Europe
Author(s): Naamat, Talia; Pesina, Elena
Date: 2016
Topics: Antisemitism, Hate crime, Law, European Union, Racism, Internet, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: This Legislation Survey, conducted by the Kantor Center at Tel Aviv University,
examines the legal issues related to regulating online hate speech in several
European states. Its purpose is to facilitate the work of bodies monitoring online
hate speech, present the current legislative trends as well as best practices employed
by some of the countries
Communities and Jewish Identity in Europe', Transcript of First Plenary of the Third General Assembly of European Jewry, Budapest 20–23 May 2004
Author(s): Lerman, Antony; Kosmin, Barry; Chelnov, Mikhail; Trigano, Shmuel; Senderey, Alberto
Date: 2005
Topics: Demography, Jewish Revival, Jewish Community, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract: The European Jewish reality today confounds predictions of decline with demographic decline. We can see that predictions of Jewish decline don't mean that the data was wrong, but rather the interpretation of the data on Jewish life was wrong. To look at the inevitably flawed data and not see trends that cannot be altered is just bad futurology. The fact is (and we know it from our daily life, work life as well as leisure life) that today information is power. Without information about who we as Jews in Europe are, we cannot seriously build a future. The kind of information we need about ourselves is not just how many we are and where we are. This kind of information is sometimes impossible to know definitively. We really need to know what kind of Jews we are, what kind of Jewish identities form our being, what makes up Jewish identities today.
Guidelines for Acknowledging and Monitoring Antisemitism On- and Offline
Author(s): CEJI
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Discourse, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: In these guidelines, we look at the origins of the word 'antisemitism' and examine other terms and working definitions. We also give concrete examples of antisemitism, and compare criticism of Israel with antisemitic criticism of Israel and look at where the line should be drawn. The publication also contains useful annexes on current manifestations of antisemitism in Europe (2013-2015) and antisemitic incidents in European countries during 2014.
Different Antisemitisms: On Three Distinct Forms of Antisemitism in Contemporary Europe – With a Special Focus on Sweden
Author(s): Dencik, Lars; Marosi, Karl
Date: 2016
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: This article studies eight European countries, investigating how the level of antisemitism as
registered in national populations relates to the perception of antisemitism by the Jewish
population in the same country. Furthermore, the article empirically identifies distinct aspects
of antisemitism, deconstructing the concept of antisemitism and breaking it up into three
kinds of empirically differently based and composed antisemitisms (Note the plural!): classic
antisemitism, Israel-derived antisemitism and Enlightenment-based antisemitism. The article
also elaborates on some more general implications for the understanding of the character of
antisemitism in contemporary Europe, and based on that, presents some perspectives on the
development of the three distinct antisemitisms in contemporary Europe.

The countries included in the article are Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy,
Latvia, Sweden and the United Kingdom, but a special focus is placed on Sweden because
the situation in Sweden concerning antisemitism and the Jewish population’s reactions to
perceived antisemitism is particularly illustrative of some of the main points we can make
based on our investigations.
Elderly Swedish Jewish Men and Egalitarianism: A Narrative Study
Author(s): Punzi, Elisabeth
Date: 2015
Topics: Orthodox Judaism, Ageing and the Elderly, Interviews, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract: This work is based on interviews with four elderly Jewish men, members of a Swedish congregation who advocate egalitarianism. A narrative analysis found that the participants’ perception of egalitarianism was connected to their own life experiences and to emotionally significant turning points in which the participants became aware how women were excluded. They perceived egalitarianism as a reassurance for a future Jewish life and described the development and preservation of traditions as intermingled rather than as opposed to each other. Gender equality in this study should not be viewed as specifically related to younger congregants and/or women but as connected to life experiences of the individual concerned.
Voluntary work with sporting activities for Jewish children and teenagers: commitment to inclusiveness, Jewish identity, and a future Jewish life – an interview study
Author(s): Punzi, Elisabeth; Frischer, Josef
Date: 2016
Topics: Synagogues, Conservative / Masorti Judaism, Youth Movements, Youth Clubs, Teenagers, Interviews, Main Topic: Education
Abstract: Membership in Jewish congregations seems to be declining and modern society has been described as a challenge to Jewishness and to the future for Jews as a people with shared characteristics and traditions. Activities for children and teenagers have gained increasing attention, since such activities might be a reassurance of a future Jewish life. To arrange such activities is, however, demanding and individuals who commit themselves to voluntary work are essential. In this study, six members of a Swedish Conservative congregation, who were committed to voluntary work with sporting activities for children and teenagers, were interviewed about the way in which they perceived their voluntary work. A thematic analysis was conducted. The volunteers concluded that everyone should feel included in the activities. They had a nuanced view of Jewish identity and also welcomed those who were not considered halakhically Jewish. Moreover, they wanted to support a positive Jewish identity in the new generation. Their work was perceived as meaningful even though they said that congregants who felt that the activities should adhere to Halakhah had criticized them. It is proposed that congregations should support voluntary workers and facilitate their efforts, otherwise experiences of misrecognition might evolve, experiences that are counterproductive for a vital congregational life.
Antisemitism: Overview of data available in the European Union 2004–2014
Author(s): European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitism can be expressed in the form of verbal and physical attacks, threats, harassment, property damage, graffiti or other forms of text, including on the internet. This report relates to manifestations of antisemitism as they are recorded by official and unofficial sources in the 28 European Union (EU) Member States.

‘Official data’ is understood here as that collected by law enforcement agencies, criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at the national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations.

This report compiles available data on antisemitic incidents collected by international, governmental and non-governmental sources, covering the period 1 January 2004– 31 December 2014, where data are available. No official data on reported antisemitic incidents were available for seven Member States at the time this report was compiled: Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta and Portugal.
Förintelselitteraturen Och Andra Generationens Överlevande
Translated Title: Holocaust Literature and Second-Generation Survivors
Author(s): Ohlsson, Anders
Date: 2000
Topics: Holocaust Survivors: Children of, Holocaust Survivors, Literature, Fiction, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial
Abstract: This article deals with Swedish Holocaust literature by and about the second-generation witnesses, e.g. the children of survivors. It focuses on three novels: Suzanne Gottfarb’s Systrarna Blaumans hemlighet [“The Secret of the Blauman Sisters”] (1987) and Susanne Levin’s Leva vidare [“Live on”] (1994) and Som min egen [“As my own”] (1996). The Holocaust is an integral part of the protagonists’ life and identity, although he or she has not personally experienced the event and in the article I examine three aspects of the conditions of life for the second-generation survivors. Firstly, their search for knowledge about their parents’ experiences. Secondly, the burden of this generation to carry and fulfil the expectations of their parents and thirdly their struggle with identity in a multi-cultural society, where identity not only stems from heritage.
Third Survey of European Jewish Leaders and Opinion Formers, 2015
Author(s): Kosmin, Barry A.
Date: 2016
Topics: Antisemitism, Fundraising and Philanthropy, Israel Attachment, Jewish Continuity, Religious Denominations, Security, Surveys, Jewish Leadership, Jewish Organisations, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity
Abstract: Launched by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee’s International Centre for Community Development (JDC-ICCD), and conducted by a research team at Trinity College (Hartford, Connecticut, USA) between June and August 2015, the Third Survey of European Jewish Leaders and Opinion Formers presents the results of an online survey administered to 314 respondents in 29 countries. The survey was conducted online in five languages: English, French, Spanish, German and Hungarian. The Survey of European Jewish Leaders and Opinion Formers is conducted every three or four years using the same format, in order to identify trends and their evolution. Findings of the 2015 edition were assessed and evaluated based on the results of previous surveys (2008 and 2011). The survey posed Jewish leaders and opinion formers a range of questions about major challenges and issues that
concern European Jewish communities in 2015, and about their expectations of how communities will evolve over the next 5-10 years. The 45 questions (see Appendix) dealt
with topics that relate to internal community structures and their functions, as well as the external environment affecting communities. The questionnaire also included six open-ended questions in a choice of five languages. These answers form the basis of the qualitative analysis of the report. The questions were organized under the following headings:• Vision & Change (6 questions)
• Decision-Making & Control (1 question)
• Lay Leadership (1 question)
• Professional Leadership (2 questions)
• Status Issues & Intermarriage (5 questions)
• Organizational Frameworks (2 questions)
• Community Causes (2 questions)
• Jewish Education (1 question)
• Funding (3 questions)
• Communal Tensions (3 questions)
• Anti-Semitism/Security (5 questions)
• Europe (1 question)
• Israel (1 question)
• Future (2 questions)
• Personal Profile (9 questions)
Survey Results: General Assembly Budapest 2004
Date: 2004
Topics: Jewish Organisations, Jewish Community, Jewish Identity, Surveys, Jewish Leadership, Antisemitism, Affiliation and Belonging, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract: This survey was given to participants in the 3rd General Assembly of European Jewry, which was held in Budapest in May 2004. Participants were asked how many Jews participate in community programs in their respective cities; the programs and activities their Jewish community offers; and how they believe their community could be more effective in attracting more members.
Second Survey of European Jewish Leaders and Opinion Formers, 2011
Author(s): Kosmin, Barry A.
Date: 2012
Topics: Antisemitism, Fundraising and Philanthropy, Israel Attachment, Jewish Continuity, Religious Denominations, Security, Surveys, Jewish Leadership, Jewish Organisations, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity
Abstract: unquoted attribute value: "margin-left: 4
European Jewish Digest: October 2015
Author(s): Goldstein, Richard
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Politics, Holocaust Commemoration, Main Topic: Other
Abstract: JPR’s monthly European Jewish digest provides a concise look at some of the major events impacting on Jewish life around Europe.
Religiositet, nationalitet och sekularisering bland Sveriges judar
Translated Title: Religion, nationality and secularism among Sweden's Jews
Author(s): Lundgren, Svante
Date: 2013
Topics: Religious Education, National Identity, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Secularity
Abstract: Sveriges judar är liksom andra svenskar i hög grad sekulariserade. Det är därför ingen överraskning att de mer ser judendomen som en nationell tillhörighet än som en religion. Det passar bra i det svenska samhället där man idag uppskattar multikulturalism och förhåller sig reserverat till svensk nationalism.
Jewish-Muslim Relations in Sweden
Author(s): Tossavainen, Mikael
Date: 2009
Topics: Community Relations, Islam, Jewish - Muslim Relations, Security, Tolerance, Interfaith Dialogue, Antisemitism: Muslim, Main Topic: Other, Interfaith Relations
Abstract:

The author discusses the Jewish and Muslim populations of Sweden, outlines venues and efforts for interfaith dialogue between the two groups, identifies issues of mutual interest (including promoting tolerance for ritual slaughter and circumcision), identifies issues of conflict, and notes instances of attacks on Jews.
Voices for the Res Publica: The Common Good in Europe: Summarizing the Issues
Author(s): Boyd, Jonathan
Date: 2009
Topics: Multiculturalism, Citizenship, National Identity, Main Topic: Other
Abstract: Over the course of several round table seminars across Europe, JPR's "Res Publica" Project brought together a diverse groups of thinkers, activists and social commentators from across the continent to explore how to build a greater sense of the common good.

Each round table discussion - in the UK, Poland, Sweden, France, Germany, Holland, plus a final pan-European one - was written up in full by the projector director, Dr Diana Pinto. At the end of the process, JPR's Executive Director, Dr Jonathan Boyd, summarised the major themes and ideas that were raised during the round table discussions, as well as in a series of twenty-six article written by participants on some of the key issues discussed. This paper is the result. It explores five major themes: (1) National identity; (2) Law; (3) Status of minorities; (4) Religion; and (5) State and civil society.
Voices for the Res Publica: The Common Good in Europe: Commissioned Papers
Date: 2009
Topics: Multiculturalism, Citizenship, National Identity, Main Topic: Other
Abstract: After each of the round table discussions that took place as part of JPR's "Res Publica" project - in UK, Poland, Sweden, France, Germany and Holland, followed by a pan-European one - participants were invited to write short articles in which they could use their expertise and experience to reflect on an issue of their choice.

During the project, the articles were used to help promote further discussion and debate, but in this report, we have pulled them all together into a single document to showcase the range of ideas discussed, and to encourage further dialogue and debate. Together, the twenty-seven articles, written by a wide range of insightful thinkers from different national, ethnic and religious backgrounds, provide a thought-provoking analysis of contemporary European life, and encourage us to look more thoughtfully at how we might work towards a greater sense of commonality across the differences that exist.