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"там, на снегах севера, капли моей крови". Исторические и идеологические корни израильской диаспоры в россии и ссср
Translated Title: Historical and ideological roots of the Israeli diaspora in Russia and the USSR
Author(s): Чернин, Велвл (Владимир)
Date: 2013
Topics: Russian-Speaking Jews, Israeli Expatriates, Immigration, Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Jewish History
Abstract: Jewish emigration from Israel of the recent decades brought the creation of the communities of Israeli passport holders in the various countries of the world, including Russia and other post-Soviet states. Although this fact is commonly accepted as a totally new phenomenon, the returned migration of Russian and other Jews, who first immigrated to their historical Homeland - the Land of Israel/Palestine, and in a period of time came back to Russia has centuries-long history. In the 17th - 19th centuries this trend included Jerusalem and other Palestine Jewish communities' envoys, educators and fundraisers, who visited Russian and East European Jewish communities and sometimes stayed there for years, as well as Russian Jewish pilgrims to the Holy Land, who on returning were often respected as «representatives» of the Land of Israel and its Jewry. Some members of First, Second and Third Zionist Aliyot (waves of Jewish ideological repatriation) to the Land of Israel/Palestine of the late 19th and early 20th centuries created another substantial group of «Israeli Returnees» to Russia and the USSR. The article shows that typical patterns of immigrants from the Palestine to Russia and the early USSR are very close to, or even similar with «ideological re-immigrants», envoys, labor migrants, «economic refugees», and other relevant subgroups among current Israeli diaspora in Russia and the CIS.
«Из-за куска импортной колбасы, поношенных вещей и жевательной резинки»: материальный мир в полемике о еврейской эмиграции
Translated Title: “For the Piece of Foreign-Made Sausage, Second-Hand Clothes and Chewing Gum”: the Material World in the Polemics on Jewish Emigration
Author(s): Зеленина, Галина
Editor(s): Белова, O. B.
Date: 2019
Topics: Oral History and Biography, Main Topic: Other, Soviet Jewry, Memory, Russian Emigration
Abstract: Отталкиваясь от распространенных в антисионистской кампании обвинений евреев-эмигрантов и отказников в меркантильности и потребительстве, статья рассматривает вещественный мир и его осмысление в советском и еврейском нарративах эмиграции, сосредотачиваясь на трех ситуациях: иммиграция вещей, эмиграция вещей и вещь как альтернатива эмиграции. Отмечая предубеждение против материального как традиционную установку мемуаристов, причисляющих себя к интеллигенции, автор тем не менее обнаруживает несколько категорий вещей, регулярно упоминаемых в разнообразных рассказах о своей и чужой эмиграции, и исследует то, как эти вещи проблематизируются и социализируются, превращаясь из
машинально используемых предметов в «социальные объекты», наделенные в антагонистичных нарративах различным, иногда противоположным, значением.
Fifty Years After the Refusenik Movement: How Post-Soviet Jews Have Proven Triumphant
Author(s): Drinkwater, Gregg; Shneer, David
Date: 2020
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Soviet Jewry, Post-1989, Jewish Revival
The Use of Hebrew and Yiddish in the Rituals of Contemporary Jewry of Bukovina and Bessarabia
Author(s): Polyan, Alexandra
Editor(s): Veidlinger, Jeffrey
Date: 2016
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Ethnography, Hebrew, Yiddish, Liturgy, Language
Разрыв Еврейской Традиции И Его Преодоление В Постсоветской Украине
Translated Title: Jewish Tradition in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Lost and Regained
Author(s): Евсеенко, Наталья
Date: 2011
Topics: Jewish Identity, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Community, Jewish Renewal, Jewish Revival, Post-1989, Age and Generational Issues
Abstract: The paper is focused on the problem of relationship to one’s own religious tradition. Here one can find preliminary analysis of field materials gathered in small Ukrainian town Balta - former Jewish shtetl, a small town with a large Jewish population. Nowadays the Balta Jews are facing the revival of their religious life and are actively participating in this process. Our aim was to analyze how different generations of Balta Jews see their own religious experience. We found out that the elderly people tended to consider contemporary religious revival as a direct continuation of their parents’ and grandparents’ traditions as they remember it since the time they used to be children. On the contrary, the middle generation of Balta Jews believe that they are in a way victims of a «tradition gap»; they tend to blame the Soviet state for depriving them of any opportunity to live a full Jewish life. The middle generation sees the pre-Holocaust tradition as a «lost paradise» which never comes back. And, finally, the young Balta Jews express no relation to the previous stages of Jewish life in their town, but they are obviously proud of their Jewishness because they understand and use it as a resource for getting a good education in different Jewish high schools and as a possibility to emigrate from Ukraine.
В Поисках Общины. Модели Возрождения Организованной Еврейской Жизни В Позднем Ссср И Постсоветских Странах
Translated Title: In Search of a Community: Jewish National-Cultural Renaissance in the USSR and the Post-Soviet States
Author(s): Ханин, Зеев
Date: 2011
Topics: Jewish Identity, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Community, Jewish Renewal, Jewish Revival, Post-1989, Jewish Organisations
Abstract: After the decades of discrimination against organized Jewish life in the Soviet Union, the present period shows creation and rapid development of Jewish national organizations and institutional infrastructure of Jewish communities in most of the post-Soviet states, especially in Russia and Ukraine. Not a few of these organizations were rooted in history of Jewish life in the USSR after World War II, including the experience of the creation and existence of legal (state-sponsored), illegal (underground national and human rights organizations), and quasi-legal (religious communities) Jewish social institutions in a hostile social and political environment. The Jewish organizations, including local/sectarian institutions, municipal/regional federations, as well as nationwide «umbrella» structures, that were established in the USSR successor states, had to meet the challenge of new conditions of Jewish life in post-communist countries which included a demand for services normally provided by a Jewish community (education, welfare, synagogues, cultural activities, etc.) and a need for an adequate institutional framework which reflected local Jewish identity (whether ethnic nationalism or cultural/religious affiliation)...
Глобальная Демография Постсоветской Еврейской Диаспоры
Translated Title: The Global Demography of the Post-Soviet Jewish Diaspora
Author(s): Тольц, Марк
Date: 2011
Topics: Demography, Immigration, Aliyah, Diaspora, Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Russian Emigration, Russian-Speaking Jews
Abstract: This article is a study of the population dynamics of the post-Soviet Jewish diaspora based on the various statistical sources collected from the many countries where these Jews live. It examines (post-) Soviet Jewish resettlement, and analyzes the annual volume of migration streams to the three main destinations - Israel, the USA and Germany. The findings clearly show the decisive role of the push factor in this migration movement. A very large differentiation in age structure of the migrants to their three main destinations was found which points to many sizable discrepancies in adaptation processes in these receiving countries, and different prospects for future development of these segments of the contemporary post-Soviet Jewish diaspora. Out-migration from Israel of FSU immigrants was studied based on official Israeli data and statistics of FSU countries. According to our findings based on recent data, emigration from Israel is largely dependent on the dynamics of the country's business cycle. Finally, an update for 2010 of the number of «core» Jews (by self-identification) originating from the FSU was presented by country, and the total number of people belonging to the post-Soviet Jewish diaspora worldwide and their distribution was estimated.
«Мы никого не притесняли»: особенности кросс-культурных контактов в смешанных семьях (по материалам экспедиций в Приднестровье)
Translated Title: “We Didn’t Oppress Anyone”: Peculiarities of Cross-Cultural Contacts in Mixed Families (Based on the Field Material from the Expeditions to Transnistria)
Author(s): Киреева, Наталья Михайловна; Чиркина, Любовь Вячеславовна
Date: 2020
Topics: Marriage, Ritual, Main Topic: Other, Family and Household, Intermarriage, Religious Observance and Practice, Interviews
Abstract: Статья посвящена проблеме межэтнических брачных союзов, в основу исследования легли экспедиционные материалы, собранные в Приднестровье в 2017-2019 гг. В еврейской среде в советский период традиция смешанных браков получает широкое распространение, такие союзы приводят к трансформации классического определения еврейства, что в свою очередь оказывает влияние на представления партнеров о собственной идентичности. Авторами было собрано и проанализировано 29 интервью с информантами (евреями и неевреями), состоявшими в смешанных браках, и их детьми; были выделены три основных зоны напряжения в межэтнических семьях (восприятие данного союза окружающими, имянаречение ребенка и похороны) и три стратегии преодоления напряжения: выбор нейтральной и светской традиции; компромисс (сочетание двух традиций) и интеграция одного из партнеров в культуру другого. В качестве зоны кросс-культурного взаимодействия информанты выделяли праздники; связанные с ними традиции, как правило, были смешанными (например, Песах и Пасха). Авторы приходят к выводу, что описываемый синтез культур приводит к дрейфу идентичности информантов и трансформации представлений о «настоящем еврее», согласно которым знания о традиции или практические навыки становятся важнее принципов галахи.
Наше наследство: синагоги снг в прошлом и настоящем
Translated Title: Our legacy: synagogues of the cis in the past and present
Author(s): Бейзер, Михаэль
Date: 2002
Topics: Jewish Heritage, Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Synagogues, Restitution and Reparations, Post-1989
Abstract: Книга посвящена судьбе синагогальных зданий на территории СНГ на протяжении прошедшего столетия. Первая ее часть охватывает период от начала ХХ века до распада СССР; вторая - рассказ о том, как в постсоветское время часть конфискованных государством синагог возвращается еврейским общинам и обретает вторую жизнь. Автор вводит читателя в круг проблем, связанных с этим процессом, и останавливается на роли Джойнта в деле реституции и ремонта синагог. Книга богато иллюстрирована фотографиями, в основном из коллекции Джойнта; большая часть из них публикуется впервые. В приложении приведен список действующих сегодня синагог СНГ. Одна из предыдущих книг Бейзера - "Евреи Ленинграда, 1917 - 1939: национальная жизнь и советизация" (1999) - удостоилась Анциферовской премии 2000 г. за лучшую зарубежную книгу о Санкт-Петербурге.
Hardship And Needs Of Elderly Hesed Clients: An Analysis Of Clients Served By Hesed Service Centers In Russia & Ukraine
Author(s): Tighe, Elizabeth; Magidin de Kramer, Raquel; Bleckman, Dina; Begli, Nursahedov; Saxe, Leonard
Date: 2012
Topics: Ageing and the Elderly, Care and Welfare, Health, Evaluation, Main Topic: Other, Social Services, Social Work, NGOs
Abstract:

The countries of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) are the home today for a substantial number of Jews, many of whom live in poor, economically disadvantaged communities. Throughout the FSU, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC) has supported the development of Hesed welfare and Jewish community centers to assist in the provision of services to Jews in need and to support the renewal of Jewish life after years of suppression. The present report is designed to review the current economic, health, and social conditions of these elderly Jews in need in the FSU and to compare their circumstances, as best possible, to their counterparts who live in western countries such as the United States.

Data from a large number of sources are reviewed and analyzed, including national statistics, national and local surveys, and client-level data. The data indicate clearly that, in view of demographic composition, as well as economic and social conditions, elderly Jews in the FSU have tremendous needs for supportive services funded by philanthropy compared to their peers in the United States. The comparisons also highlight the disparities in available care among those most in need.

There is a clear need for external support for basic health and social services for elderly Jews in the FSU. Twenty years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, there is not an adequate safety net for the elderly. The situation is in flux and there are unique challenges associated with understanding service delivery in societies that are in transition. The available data on pensions and living circumstances make clear that the economic situation for elderly in the FSU who seek Hesed services is dire. Faced with increasing costs for basic needs such as utilities and food, along with health services including essential medicines, quality care and homecare, the pension amounts that Hesed clients rely on are inadequate to meet their needs.
Project Kesher – Making Jewish Women’s Voices Heard in the Former Soviet Union
Author(s): Yakimenko, Svetlana
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Jewish Women
Der Ort des Judentums in der Gegenwart
Translated Title: The place of Judaism in the present
Editor(s): Wallenborn, Hiltrud; Kümper, Michal; Lipphardt, Anna; Neumann, Jens; Schwartz, Johannes; Vassilikou, Maria
Date: 2004
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Jewish Space, Jewish Community, Jewish Identity, Holocaust, Holocaust Memorials, Holocaust Commemoration, Immigration, Jewish Revival, Post-1989
Abstract: Eine Sammlung von Beiträgen zur Konferenz „Der Ort des Judentums in der Gegenwart, 1989–2002“. Die Autoren begeben sich in ein Feld, das Diana Pinto erstmals 1996 als „Jewish Space“ bezeichnet hat. Sie beschäftigen sich mit der Existenz des Staates Israel, der neuen Einwanderung aus der ehemaligen Sowjetunion in die westlichen Länder, dem wieder erwachten Interesse europäischer Öffentlichkeiten an jüdischer Kultur, den Formen von Erinnerungspolitik in Gedenkstätten und Mahnmalen und mit der öffentlichen Debatten über die Instrumentalisierung des Gedenkens. Auch die Intifada in Israel und Palästina und bereits überwunden geglaubte antisemitische Denkstrukturen in Europa werden betrachtet. Blick auf das jüdische Leben in Europa nach der Shoah und nach den politischen Umwälzungen am Ende der achtziger Jahre.
A Review of the Nahum Goldmann Fellowship Program
Author(s): Ukeles, Jacob B.; Baker, Sally; Cohen, Steven
Date: 1997
Topics: Surveys, Summer/Youth Camps, Young Adults / Emerging Adulthood, Evaluation, Main Topic: Education
Abstract: The purpose of the Nahum Goldmann Fellowship is to stimulate and train a new generation of young leadership for Jewish communities in Europe (East and West), and in Latin America. The purpose of this review is to collect information that will help the Memorial Foundation assess and improve this program. This report covers findings, interpretation of results, and implications for the future directions of the Nahum Goldmann Fellowship Program. The report is based on the analysis of survey results.
Jews in Europe at the turn of the Millennium: Population trends and estimates
Author(s): DellaPergola, Sergio; Staetsky, L. Daniel
Date: 2020
Topics: Demography, Main Topic: Demography and Migration, European Union, Aliyah, Emigration, Immigration, Israeli Expatriates, Intermarriage
Abstract: This detailed and thorough report is rapidly becoming the ‘must-read’ study on European Jews, taking the reader on an extraordinary journey through one thousand years of European Jewish history before arriving at the most comprehensive analysis of European Jewish demography today.

Written by leading Jewish demographers Professor Sergio DellaPergola and Dr Daniel Staetsky, the Chair and Director of JPR’s European Jewish Demography Unit respectively, it explores how the European Jewish population has ebbed and flowed over time. It begins as far back as the twelfth century, travelling through many years of population stability, until the tremendous growth of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, followed by the dramatic decline prompted by a combination of mass migration and the horrors of the Shoah. Extraordinarily, after all this time, the proportion of world Jewry living in Europe today is almost identical to the proportion living in Europe 900 years ago.

Using multiple definitions of Jewishness and a vast array of sources to determine the size of the contemporary population, the study proceeds to measure it in multiple ways, looking at the major blocs of the European Union and the European countries of the Former Soviet Union, as well as providing country-by-country analyses, ranging from major centres such as France, the UK, Germany and Hungary, to tiny territories such as Gibraltar, Monaco and even the Holy See.

The report also contains the most up-to-date analysis we have on the key mechanisms of demographic change in Europe, touching variously on patterns of migration in and out of Europe, fertility, intermarriage, conversion and age compositions. While the report itself is a fascinating and important read, the underlying data are essential tools for the JPR team to utilise as it supports Jewish organisations across the continent to plan for the future.
Утраченное соседство: евреи в культурной памяти жителей Латгалии. Часть II
Translated Title: Neighborhood Lost: Jews in the Cultural Memory of Contemporary Latgale. Part II
Editor(s): Амосова, Светлана
Date: 2016
Topics: Antisemitism, Attitudes to Jews, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Main Topic: Other, Ethnography, Memory
Abstract: Данный сборник является продолжением большого проекта по изучению памяти о евреях, еврейской истории, культуре, этнографии и эпиграфике, а также исследованию стереотипов и различных представлений, связанных с евреями Восточной Европы, у представителей других этнических групп. Сборник является вторым выпуском в латгальской серии изданий Центра «Сэфер». Предлагаемые вниманию читателя материалы по еврейской этнографии, истории и эпиграфике собраны во время экспедиций 2011–2015 гг., проходивших как в самой
Латгалии, так и в Израиле.
"ТАМ, НА СНЕГАХ СЕВЕРА, КАПЛИ МОЕЙ КРОВИ". ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ И ИДЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ КОРНИ ИЗРАИЛЬСКОЙ ДИАСПОРЫ В РОССИИ И СССР
Translated Title: Historical and Ideological Roots of the Israeli Diaspora in Russia and the USSR
Author(s): Чернин, Велвл (Владимир)
Date: 2013
Topics: Diaspora, Israeli Expatriates, Immigration, Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Russian Emigration, Russian-Speaking Jews
Abstract: Jewish emigration from Israel of the recent decades brought the creation of the communities of Israeli passport holders in the various countries of the world, including Russia and other post-Soviet states. Although this fact is commonly accepted as a totally new phenomenon, the returned migration of Russian and other Jews, who first immigrated to their historical Homeland - the Land of Israel/Palestine, and in a period of time came back to Russia has centuries-long history. In the 17th - 19th centuries this trend included Jerusalem and other Palestine Jewish communities' envoys, educators and fundraisers, who visited Russian and East European Jewish communities and sometimes stayed there for years, as well as Russian Jewish pilgrims to the Holy Land, who on returning were often respected as «representatives» of the Land of Israel and its Jewry. Some members of First, Second and Third Zionist Aliyot (waves of Jewish ideological repatriation) to the Land of Israel/Palestine of the late 19th and early 20th centuries created another substantial group of «Israeli Returnees» to Russia and the USSR. The article shows that typical patterns of immigrants from the Palestine to Russia and the early USSR are very close to, or even similar with «ideological re-immigrants», envoys, labor migrants, «economic refugees», and other relevant subgroups among current Israeli diaspora in Russia and the CIS.
Holocaust Memorials in Central and Eastern Europe: Communist Legacies, Transnational Influences and National Developments
Author(s): Kucia, Marek
Date: 2016
Topics: Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Memorials, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Post-1989, Communism, Memorial
Abstract: The article analyses selected Holocaust memorials in several Central and East
European countries. Using the approaches of historical and visual sociology, it
identifies processes and agents that shaped the present-day memorials during
communism and after. These were: commemoration by Jews; memorialization,
marginalization, suppression and the obliteration of Jewish victimhood by the
communist authorities; making minor or substantial changes to the existing
monuments after communism and developing them; and creating new Holocaust
memorials both public and private, and by domestic and foreign agents. The article
concludes that the Holocaust memorials in the region are primarily a result of
legacies of communist times. They were also shaped by transnational influences.
By and large they are national developments.
Jewish Studies in the FSU: From Scholarship to Social, Cultural and Educational Construction, Regeneration and Growth
Author(s): Parizhsky, Simon
Editor(s): Wygoda, Shmuel; Sorek, Israel
Date: 2009
Topics: Education, Education: Adult Education, Jewish Education, Jewish Studies, Jewish Schools, Jewish Revival, Main Topic: Education, Universities / Higher Education, Jewish Organisations
Suffering the Difference: Reflections on Russian Anti-Semitism
Author(s): Leighton, Christopher M.
Date: 1991
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism
The Holocaust in the Occupied USSR and its Memorialization in Contemporary Russia
Author(s): Al'tman, Il'ya
Editor(s): Kay, Alex J.; Stahel, David
Date: 2018
Topics: Holocaust Memorials, Holocaust Denial, Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Post-1989, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial
Who went where? Jewish immigration from the Former Soviet Union to Israel, the USA and Germany, 1990–2000
Author(s): Cohen, Yinon; Haberfeld, Yitchak; Kogan, Irena
Date: 2011
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Russian-Speaking Jews, Russian Emigration, Immigration
Abstract: Drawing on Israeli, German and US census data, we compare the educational levels of Jewish immigrants (and their non-Jewish family members) from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) arriving in Israel, Germany, and the US during 1990–2000. The comparison of educational levels among immigrants arriving in the three countries can be viewed as a ‘natural experiment’ in immigrants' destination options, whereby immigrants could choose two countries with practically no visa restriction (Israel and Germany) and one country (USA) with visa requirements. Drawing on Borjas' theory of self-selection, the paper discusses the relative attractiveness of the three countries to various types of immigrants, expecting highly educated immigrants to prefer destinations where returns on skills are higher. The findings support theoretical expectations: highly educated migrants were more likely to move to the US, where the labour market is more flexible and returns on skills are higher than in Israel or Germany.
Holocaust Sites in Ukraine: Pechora and the Politics of Memorialization
Author(s): Golbert, Rebecca L.
Date: 2004
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Memory, Memorial, Ethnography, Oral History and Biography
Abstract: This study of the Pechora camp, in Transnistria, examines the contributions of contemporary testimonies to our understanding of the Holocaust experience and the ways survivors and witnesses perceive and recount that experience over time. In the case of Transnistria, the testimonies of living witnesses may at times provide the only significant historical and social record of the ghetto and camp experience. While existing scholarship on the Holocaust in Romania and Transnistria has emerged primarily out of the Romanian Jewish experience of the war, this article highlights the wartime experiences and postwar memories of Ukrainian Jewish survivors, whose perspectives on Transnistria have until recently been overlooked. The author also offers a distinctly ethnographic dimension to the study of the Holocaust by examining memory and identity processes and by revealing substantial fissures in the way the Holocaust is remembered and memorialized.
Antisemitism and Its Opponents in the Russian Press: From Perestroika until the Present.
Author(s): Friedgut, Theodore
Date: 1994
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Media, Newspapers, Magazines and Periodicals
The Danger of antisemitism in Central and Eastern Europe in the wake of 1989-1990
Editor(s): Bauer, Yehuda
Date: 1991
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Post-1989
Abstract: Papers delivered at a conference in Jerusalem, October 1990.

Contents:
Kulka, Otto Dov: History and Historical Prognoses (9-11);
Bauer, Yehuda: The Danger of Antisemitism in Today's Central Europe (13-24);
Benz, Wolfgang: Antisemitism in East and West Germany: Will It Increase after Reunification? (25-33);
Stern, Frank: The "Jewish Question" in the "German Question" 1945-1990: Reflections in the Light of November 9th (35- 51);
Deak, Istvan: The Danger of Antisemitism in Hungary (53-61);
Vago, Raphael: Antisemitism in the New Romania (63-74);
Gutman, Yisrael: Polish Antisemitism in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Will Things Ever Change? (75-81);
Nosenko, Vladimir: The Upsurge of Antisemitism in the Soviet Union in the Years of Perestroika: Background and Causes (83-93);
Avineri, Shlomo: The Return to History and Its Consequences for the Jewish Communities in Eastern Europe (95-101);
Bauer, Yehuda: In Conclusion (103-106)
Евреи
Editor(s): Емельяненко, Т. Г.,; Носенко-Штейн, Елена
Date: 2018
Topics: Folklore, Anthropology, Main Topic: Other, Jewish Culture, Jewish Community, Jewish Heritage, Jewish Identity
Abstract: Очередной том фундаментальной серии «Народы и культуры» посвящен истории и культуре евреев на территории Российской империи, СССР и стран СНГ. В монографии рассматриваются общие вопросы происхождения и истории еврейского народа, особенности историкоантропологического облика и языков, а также проблемы изучения еврейского фольклора и этнографии. Основное внимание уделено этнополитической истории и своеобразию традиционной культуры российских евреев: их занятиям, костюму, обрядам жизненного цикла, религиозным праздникам, пище, народным знаниям, фольклору, декоративно-прикладному искусству, образованию. Специальные разделы освещают многообразные процессы, протекающие среди евреев в современном мире, взаимоотношения евреев с другими народами. В отдельных разделах даны историко-этнографические материалы по неашкеназским группам: грузинским и бухарским евреям и иудействующим. В создании тома приняли участие историки, филологи, этнографы, антропологи, социологи, фольклористы из России, Украины, Израиля и Франции.
Для историков, этнологов, культурологов, специалистов в разных областях иудаики, студентов профильных вузов и кафедр, широкого круга читателей
A Half Century of Jewish Emigration from the Former Soviet Union
Author(s): Tolts, Mark
Date: 2019
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Demography, Emigration, Aliyah, Russian-Speaking Jews
Российские евреи в контексте русского мира: от религиозности к этничности и обратно?
Translated Title: Russian Jews in the context of the Russian world: from religiosity to ethnicity and back?
Author(s): Носенко-Штейн, Елена
Editor(s): Комарова, Г.А.
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Ethnicity, Diaspora, Religious Observance and Practice, Russian-Speaking Jews
Volunteering in Jewish Communities in the FSU: aims, effectiveness and impact
Translated Title: Еврейская добровольческая активность в странах бывшего СССР: содержание, цели и влияние на общинную жизнь
Author(s): Kaniel, Asaf; Arnon, Liora
Date: 2019
Topics: Jewish Community, Jewish Organisations, Main Topic: Other, Volunteering, Surveys
Abstract: In the late 1980s, JDC resumed its work in the Soviet Union. It continued to operate in the new countries that emerged upon its dissolution. Since then, it has focused on the fulfillment of two main goals: the renewal of Jewish life, through the establishment of community infrastructures and bringing Jews closer to their people and their culture, and support for the elderly and poor Jewish population. These goals are promoted primarily by the community organizations ‑ Hassadim and community centers (JCCs) ‑ scattered throughout FSU.
Мифы о «пятой колонне» и проблема двойной лояльности: евреи постсоветской Евро-Азии и государство Израиль
Translated Title: Myths of the “Fifth Column” and the Dual Loyalty Issue: Jews of Euro-Asia vis-à-vis the State of Israel
Author(s): Бен Яаков, Хаим
Date: 2019
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Russian-Speaking Jews, Jewish Identity, National Identity, Israel-Diaspora Relations, Diaspora
Abstract: Концепция «двойной лояльности» в еврейском случае подразумевает, что еврей стоит на стороне Израиля вне зависимости от страны своего проживания, а принцип Талмуда, известный как «Закон государства обязателен для исполнения евреями» (Дина де-мальхута дина) часто рассматривается как требование к еврею придерживаться лояльности тому государству, где он живет. Попытка многих советских евреев, на разных этапах послевоенной истории этой страны, совмещать патриотизм в отношении страны проживания и преданность Израилю, воспринимался властями СССР как вызов и повод для репрессивных кампаний. Нынешняя ситуация в постсоветских странах в целом иная, и ближе к подходу современных демократических государств, признающих феномен «поли-лояльности» и двойного гражданства, закрепленного межправительственными соглашениями и программами о развитии культурных, научных, деловых и других связей.
East European Jewish migration: inside and outside
Author(s): Dekel-Chen, Jonathan
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Emigration, Aliyah, Post-1989, Post-War Jewish History, Russian Emigration, Russian-Speaking Jews
Abstract: This introductory article provides an overview of modern Jewish migration from Eastern Europe. It engages the foundational historiography of the field and explores intersections of Jewish migration with general migration theory. In addition to framing the six articles in this special collection, this essay presents longue durée factors linking today's post-Soviet diaspora communities on three continents with social and political trends beginning in the late nineteenth century and during the interwar period and postwar periods.
The Russian-Jewish Transnational Social Space: An Overview
Author(s): Remennick, Larissa
Date: 2011
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Migration, Russian Emigration, Russian-Speaking Jews, Diaspora
Abstract: After the demise of state socialism in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s, over 1.6 million Jews and their non-Jewish family members from Russia, Ukraine, and other parts of the Former Soviet Union (FSU) emigrated to Israel, the United States, Canada, Germany, and other Western countries. Large communities of former Soviets found themselves in the diverse national contexts of the receiving countries as either refugees or independent migrants.1 Soon after establishing an initial economic and social foothold, former Soviet immigrants started rebuilding their social networks, both within each new homeland and across national borders. These networks, spanning four continents, based on common language, culture, and historic legacies, mainly come to the fore as informal social spaces, although there are also some examples of successful civic associations representing common interests of Russian immigrants or Russian Jewry at large. This introduction examines the roots of Russian Jewish identity in the Former Soviet Union and presents an overview of some major trends in late twentieth century Russian Jewish migration to the West.
The Jewish Autonomous Region in Siberia. Multicultural heritage and coexistence
Translated Title: Żydowski Obwód Autonomiczny na Syberii. Wielokulturowe dziedzictwo i współistnienie
Author(s): Vitale, Alessandro
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Conflict, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Ethnicity, Post-1989
Abstract: Technically, Israel is not the only official Jewish homeland in the world. In the Far East of Russian Siberia there still exists the Jewish Autonomous Region (JAR) of Birobidzhan. Beginning in 1928 the Soviet Union set aside a territory larger than Belgium and Holland combined and considerably bigger than Israel, for Jewish settlement, located some five thousands miles east of Moscow along the Soviet-Chinese border, between the 48th and 49th parallels north latitude, where the climate and conditions are similar to Ontario and Michigan. Believing that Soviet Jewish people, like other national minorities, deserved a territorial homeland, the Soviet regime decided to settle a territorythat in 1934 would become the Jewish Autonomous Region. The idea was to create a new Zion–in a move to counterweight to Palestine – where a “proletarian Jewish culture” based on Yiddish language could be developed. In fact, the establishment of the JAR was the first instance of an officially acknowledged Jewish national territory since ancient times: the “First Israel”. But the history of the Region was tragic and the ex-periment failed. Nevertheless, Birobidzhan’s renewed existence of today and the revival of Jewish life in the post-Soviet JAR are not only a curious legacy of Soviet national policy, but after the break-up of the Soviet Union and the worldwide religious rebirth represent an interesting case-study in order to studysome challenging geographic pro-blems, and interethnic relations.
Ethnopolitics as Co-operation and Coexistence: The Case- Study of the Jewish Autonomous Region in Siberia
Author(s): Vitale, Alessandro
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Conflict, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Ethnicity, Post-1989
Abstract: It would be a mistake to assume that ethnopolitics is only a matter of confrontation between different ethnic groups. On the contrary, there is a range of examples where it is pursued in a spirit of compromise and co-operation. One of them is the case of the Jewish Autonomous Region of Birobidzhan, in Post-Soviet Russia. Often ethnic groups realize that co-operation and cultural coexistence are more profitable than conflict. Beginning in 1928 the Soviet Union set aside a territory the size of Belgium for Jewish settlement, located some five thousands miles east of Moscow along the Soviet-Chinese border. Believing that Soviet Jewish people, like other national minorities, deserved a territorial homeland, the regime decided to settle an enclave that would become the Jewish Autonomous Region in 1934. In fact, the establishment of the JAR was the first instance of an officially acknowledged Jewish national territory since ancient times. But the history of the Region was tragic and the experiment failed dismally. Nevertheless, Birobidzhan’s renewed existence of today is not only a curious legacy of Soviet national policy, but after the break-up of the Soviet Union and the definite religious rebirth, represents an interesting case-study in respect to interethnic relations.
Still warm but getting colder: changing ethnic identity of post-Soviet Jewry
Author(s): Nosenko-Stein, Elena
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Ethnicity, Post-1989, Soviet Jewry, Assimilation, Interviews, Surveys
Abstract: For many centuries, ‘being a Jew’ was equivalent to ‘performing the ceremonial laws of Judaism’. Thus, ethnic and confessional principles coincided and reinforced the cultural identity of Jewry as an entity. Strong self-identification and in-group solidarity supported the high ‘ethnic temperature’ of this group. The processes of secularisation, which first took place in modern Europe and then spread to other regions, led, therefore, to the ‘cooling’ of the Jewish ethnic temperature. This process has its roots in different periods of Russian history and resulted in deep changes in Jewish identity.
Yiddish, Jewish Russian, and Jewish Lithuanian in the Former Soviet Union
Author(s): Verschik, Anna
Editor(s): Hary, Benjamin; Benor`, Sarah Bunin
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Yiddish, Language, Linguistics, Russian-Speaking Jews
Основные этнокультурные аспекты русскоязычной караимской публицистики и состояние крымской караимской общины в конце XX – начале XXI вв
Translated Title: The contemporary Karaite community of Criimea: major theories of self-identification
Author(s): Щеголева, Татьяна
Date: 2003
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Jewish Community, Karaites
Yiddish in the Former Soviet Union since 1989: A Statistical-Demographic Analysis
Author(s): Tolts, Mark
Editor(s): Estraikh, Gennady; Krutikov, Mikhail
Date: 1999
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Demography, Yiddish
Post-Soviet Jewish Demographic Dynamics: An Analysis of Recent Data
Author(s): Tolts, Mark
Editor(s): DellaPergola, Sergio; Rebhun, Uzi
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Demography, Russian Emigration
Abstract: FSU Jewish numerical dynamics and emigration are presented. The demographic characteristics of the Jews today in different FSU countries and some parts of the Russian Federation are analyzed in comparison with those of Soviet Jewry at the onset of the mass emigration of the 1990s.
Former Soviet Jews in Israel and in the West: Integration, Exclusion and Transnationalism
Translated Title: Бывшие советские иммигранты в Израиле и на Западе: интеграция, изоляция и транснационализм / יהודי ברה''מ לשעבר בישראל ובמערב: השתלבות, דחייה וטרנס-לאומיות
Author(s): Remennick, Larissa
Date: 2007
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Immigration, Russian Emigration, Russian-Speaking Jews, Diaspora, Globalisation, Integration
Abstract: Theoretical focus of the paper is the relationship between transnationalism and immigrant incorporation in the host country’s labor market and social system. It is shown that due to its timing and composition, Russian immigration of the 1990s was readily transnational at the outset, but the expression of diasporic interests and activities depends both on geographic location and modes of integration in the new homelands. Russian Jews in Israel and Germany display stronger diasporic tendencies than those who resettled in the USA and Canada. Across the New Diaspora, transnational activities among Russian Jews grow ‘from below’ (i.e. from individual initiative rather than institutional action) and are largely limited to the socio-cultural domain. The reliance on co-ethnic networks within and outside of the host country may be a mixed blessing, both empowering the weaker segments of the immigrants and thwarting their integration by creating an alternative social space.
Beyond the Trauma: New Perspectives for Preservation, Management and Museum Representation of Jewish Cultural Heritage in post-Soviet Cities
Author(s): Felcher, Anastasia
Date: 2016
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Jewish Heritage
Abstract: The thesis is based on three starting points. The first is on the acknowledgement of the lamentable condition of buildings of Jewish-related heritage in cities with a multicultural past across the present-day former Soviet Union. The second is on the acknowledgement of a slow process of gradual recognition of these traces as examples of tangible heritage and a provisional resource for heritage commodification. The third is the on the acknowledgement of ‘heritage’, ‘memory’ and ‘space’ as phenomena that are subject to manipulation on various levels.
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the understanding of what constitutes national heritage in the newly-appeared independent states has conformed to correspond with the interpretations and values of national histories. In managerial terms some immovable heritage of ethnic minorities has been returned to the symbolic successors of previous owners. This defined provisional sources of funding for partial renovation of this heritage, as well as its use. The remaining sites, the majority of which are monuments protected by the state, most frequently stay unattended. In order to design policy recommendations to improve the situation, a complex understanding of factors that influence heritage protection, interpretation, and promotion in the post-Soviet space is needed.
Within this state of affairs, the thesis aims to analyze agency behind 'top-down' policies and 'down-up' grass-roots initiatives towards (non)interpretation of Jewish-related heritage sites in Chişinǎu (Moldova), Odessa and L’viv (Ukraine) and Minsk (Belarus). This selection of cities is chosen to reveal the multiplicity of factors that determine apparent similarity in heritage condition and management in the post-Soviet space, but instead reveal diverse dynamics of interaction between heritage and politics; heritage and nationalism; heritage and civil society, etc.
The methodology utilized here includes archival search, participant observation, media and expert opinion analysis, as well as examination of museum exhibitions. The fieldwork included data collection on the actual condition of Jewish heritage in the cities under discussion and interviews with various agents. Elite interviews were analyzed as basis for authoritative heritage discourse before discussing actual heritage projects in these cities. Based on interdisciplinary analysis, the thesis provides an embracing overview of the broad spectrum of agency behind Jewish heritage-related initiatives (or their absence). It then offers recommendations for the advancement of managerial strategies.
Demographic Trends Among the Jews in the Three Slavic Republics of the Former USSR: A Comparative Analysis
Author(s): Tolts, Mark
Editor(s): Schmelz, U O; DellaPergola, Sergio; Even, Judith
Date: 1997
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Demography
Abstract: This article presents voluminous demographic information on the Jews in the Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belorussia which was collected by Soviet population censuses and vital statistics: detailed structure by age and sex in 1959, 1970, 1979 and 1989 (Tables 1A – 3A on pp. 171-173), and annual numbers of births and deaths for the period since 1958 (Tables 4A – 5A on pp. 174-175).
Jewish Education and Its Outcomes: Knowledge and Interests among Jewish Summer Camp Participants in the former Soviet Union
Translated Title: החינוך היהודי ותפוקותיו: מה יודעים ובמה מתעניינים משתתפי מחנות הקיץ בברית המועצות לשעבר
Author(s): Epstein, Alek D.
Date: 2013
Topics: Main Topic: Education, Jewish Education, Jewish Students, Summer/Youth Camps, Israel Education, Surveys
Abstract: The current research is based on two surveys conducted in 2011 and 2012 at nine youth camps organized for high school students’ education and recreation by the Jewish Agency for Israel in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova. Among the campers who responded to our survey, over two-thirds have attended Jewish schools or clubs. However, the study has shown that most respondents had a very limited knowledge of general Jewish and especially Israeli history: only under a quarter (24.7%) came up with three post-biblical names of historical Jewish figures. Recalling three meaningful names in the history of the State of Israel proved to be even more challenging: nearly half of respondents could not recall a single name (47.6%) and only 22.8% stated three relevant names. Respondents also manifested poor familiarity with the history of Russian Jewry over the last two centuries, i.e. their own cultural heritage that apparently is not transferred from parents to children in their (usually ethnically-mixed) families.
Евреи в постсоветских странах: самосознание и образование
Translated Title: Post-Soviet Jewry: Identity and Education
Editor(s): Эпштейн, Алек Д
Date: 2008
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Jewish Education
Renewal: Reconnecting Soviet Jewry to the Soviet People. A Decade of American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (AJJDC) Activities in the Former Soviet Union 1988-1998
Author(s): Weiner, Anita
Date: 2003
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Jewish Organisations, Post-1989, International Aid, NGOs, Poverty, Care and Welfare
Abstract: Seven decades of severe Soviet cultural-religious suppression and two world wars had isolated and demolished the once flourishing Jewish communities behind the Iron Curtain. When the era of Glasnost and Perestroika presented an opportunity for world Jewry to reestablish its lost ties with the three of four million Jews still living throughout the former Soviet Republics, it was unknown whether there was any hope for some kind of Jewish community renewal. The story of how the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, a voluntary, humanitarian organization supported by American Jewry, made its entry into the isolated, poverty-stricken world, is a dramatic one. Beginning with only a few highly motivated and experienced workers, contact was made through music, literature, food packages, and religious holiday celebrations. Local Jewish leadership emerged and was encouraged. Plans for community development through social, religious, educational and welfare services were made and implemented. With the guidance of AJJDC and its dedicated community workers came rehabilitation and renewal.
О коллективной памяти российских ев- реев на рубеже веков
Translated Title: On the Collective Memory of Russian Jews at the Turn of the Century
Author(s): Носенко-Штейн, Елена
Date: 2009
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory
The long silent revolution: capturing the life stories of Soviet-Jewish migrants to the West, 1970–2010
Author(s): Kobrin, Rebecca A.; Oppenheim, Jay
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Russian Emigration, Russian-Speaking Jews, Aliyah, Oral History and Biography
Abstract: How can the prism of self-reflection help scholars see the mass exodus of Jews from the Soviet Union and its successor states in new ways? This article discusses the first effort to collect the life stories of the 1.6 million Jews and their non-Jewish relatives who left the former Soviet Union between 1970 and 2000. Believing that autobiographical essays elicits a unique perspective on Russian Jewish migration that would otherwise not be known, the authors set out to collect autobiographical materials from members of this last wave of Russian-Jewish migration through autobiography contests modeled after contests run by Max Weinreich and the YIVO Institute in the early twentieth century. Through its discussion of the two winning autobiographies collected through the contests, the article demonstrates why the full social scientific study of the role Russian Jewish migrants played in shaping Jewish history needs to pay heed to the voices and stories of regular migrants
Teaching ethnic history in school: experience from the West and the case of Jewish history in the Former Soviet Union. A literature review
Author(s): Tartakovsky, Eugene
Date: 2010
Topics: Main Topic: Education, Jewish History, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Multiculturalism
Abstract: This article discusses the teaching of ethnic history in the public
school system. It argues that the struggle for human rights, the ideology
of multiculturalism, and concern for the psychological well-being of
ethnic minorities encourage the teaching of ethnic history in many
countries. At the same time, the importance of emphasizing a common
identity among youth, together with the psychological difficulties of
teaching different and often contradictory historical narratives, are listed
as possible obstacles on the way towards a multicultural curriculum. This
article reviews the results of numerous studies that demonstrate how
students belonging to ethnic majorities and minorities differ in their
historical knowledge, trust of teachers and texts, motivation to study
history, and perception of the material. The experience of teaching
Jewish history in the former Soviet Union is reviewed, and directions for
further research are suggested.
Trends in Soviet Jewish Demography since the Second World War
Author(s): Tolts, Mark
Editor(s): Ro'i, Yaakov
Date: 1995
Topics: Russian Emigration, Soviet Jewry, Immigration, Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Demography
Abstract: The author examines demographic trends among Soviet Jews since World War II and focuses on their declining numbers over time. Aspects considered include age/sex structural correlates of demographic erosion; mixed marriage and its consequences; the balance of births and deaths; household composition.
The Jews in the Three Post-Soviet Slavic Countries: Selected Population Trends
Author(s): Tolts, Mark
Editor(s): Moskovitch, Wolf; Finberg, Leonid
Date: 2008
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Demography, Education, Ageing and the Elderly, Censuses
Abstract: The data of the recent post-Soviet censuses show that the sizable educational difference among the three Slavic countries persisted after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. According to the 2002 Russian census, 61.1 percent of the Jews aged 20 and over had attained higher education; for Russian Jews this percentage was higher by 1.2 and 1.5 times than for those in Ukraine and Belarus, respectively. Among younger Jews who remained in the Russian Federation I found a decrease in educational attainments as compared with older cohorts. The highest educational attainments were of Jews who received their degrees mostly in the Soviet period. Sizable differences were also found in the levels of aging and education within the Jewries of these countries.
Demographic Trends among the Jews of the Former Soviet Union
Author(s): Tolts, Mark
Date: 2003
Topics: Main Topic: Demography and Migration, Demography, Aliyah, Emigration, Censuses
Abstract: This analysis has revealed the important role of the negative vital balance in Jewish demographic decline in the Russian Federation and the FSU as a whole (see Tables 5 and 6). At the same time, the birth dynamics show that the Jews and their relatives who emigrated to Israel escaped the dramatic fertility reduction which was characteristic of the FSU population as a whole and the Jews in particula