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Śmiech w Auschwitz, czyli o tym, w jaki sposób psychologia może pomóc zrozumieć łamanie tabu w miejscu pamięci Zagłady
Translated Title: Laughter in Auschwitz; or, How Psychology Can Help Understand the Breaking of Taboos at the Holocaust Memorial
Author(s): Marcinkowska, Karolina; Puchała, Dominik; Bilewicz, Michał; Bulska, Dominika; Winiewski, Mikołaj; Górski, Maciej
Date: 2023
Topics: Interviews, Holocaust Memorials, Educational Tours, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial
Abstract: Non-normative behavior at the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum is often met with outrage and condemnation, including from the Polish media. The research described in this article checked whether reactions such as laughter or using a phone – among other things, to take photographs – could serve a regulatory function for visitors to the Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau rather than indicating disrespect for Holocaust victims. We conducted in-depth interviews with the Museum’s guides and observed museum visitors. In this way, we found that several non-normative reactions to Holocaust testimony appear quite commonly among visitors. Although these are stigmatized by the guides, the reactions appear adaptive in that they distance visitors from the potentially traumatizing Holocaust testimony.
Postawy antyizraelskie a antysemityzm w Polsce. Raport na podstawie Polskiego Sondażu Uprzedzeń 2013
Translated Title: Anti-Israeli attitudes and anti-Semitism in Poland. Report based on the Polish Prejudice Survey 2013
Author(s): Bulska, Dominika; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2014
Topics: Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys, Antisemitism, Anti-Zionism, Israel Criticism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys
Polacy o Izraelczykach, Izraelczycy o Polakach. Postawy i postrzegane uprzedzenia.
Translated Title: Poles about Israelis, Israelis about Poles. Attitudes and perceived prejudice.
Author(s): Winiewski, Mikołaj; Matera, Joanna; Bulska, Dominika
Date: 2020
Topics: Antisemitism, Attitudes to Israel, Attitudes to Jews, Israel Criticism, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Surveys, Main Topic: Other, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys
Retoryka antyizraelska i antysemicka w polskim dyskursie publicznym na przykładzie postaw wobec wycieczek izraelskiej młodzieży
Translated Title: Anti-Israeli and anti-Semitic rhetoric in Polish public discourse on the example of attitudes towards Israeli youth tours
Author(s): Haska, Agnieszka; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2012
Topics: Antisemitism, Attitudes to Israel, Attitudes to Jews, Israel Criticism, Educational Tours, Holocaust Commemoration, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Diagnoza i konsekwencje antysemityzmu w Polsce
Translated Title: Diagnosis and Consequences of anti-Semitism in Poland
Author(s): Bulska, Dominika; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Editor(s): Stefaniak, Anna; Bilewicz, Michał; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Psychology
Stereotype Content as a Collective Memory of Place and Its Past Intergroup Relations
Author(s): Winiewski, Mikołaj; Bulska, Dominika
Date: 2019
Topics: Attitudes to Jews, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Psychology, Surveys, Main Topic: Other, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys
Abstract: The stereotyped content of outgroups denotes intergroup relations. Based on this notion, Susan Fiske and colleagues (2002, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878) created the stereotype content model (SCM), which links two dimensions, warmth and competence, with social structure. The structure of intergroup relations is not stable in time, nor is it shaped instantly. Based on the assumptions of SCM we predict that the history of intergroup relations is in part responsible for stereotypes. In order to test the hypothesis we reanalysed five Polish nationwide, representative surveys (total N = 4834). The studies followed a similar procedure for data collection, and each study asked an open-ended question about the traits of two ethnic groups (Jews and Germans). Answers were listed and coded using competent judges. The averages of the judges’ codes were used as indicators of stereotype content and an analysis of regional differences was conducted. Several significant results were obtained and are interpreted in line with warm – competition and competence – status relations. The results show that several historical situations and events, such as pre-WWII social structure or post-war migrations and territorial changes, can be linked to contemporary stereotypes.
Marzec w lutym? Studium stosunku Polaków do Żydów i historii Holokaustu w kontekście debaty wokół ustawy o IPN
Translated Title: March in February? The study of Poles’ attitudes toward Jews and the Holocaust history in the context of the Holocaust law debate in Poland
Author(s): Bilewicz, Michał; Bulska, Dominika; Babińska, Maria; Haska, Agnieszka; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2018
Topics: Antisemitism, Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Memorials, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Law
Abstract: 2018 amendment of the act on the Polish Institute of National Remembrance that
was passed by the Polish Sejm in January 2018 raised a vibrant public debate
about Polish-Jewish relations. In this article, we try to trace the dynamics of this
debate and assess its consequences for contemporary Polish-Jewish relations and
present-day representations of the relations between Poles and Jews during the
German occupation in 1939–1945. To this end, we present the analysis of social
media content, data from search engines, as well as the results of two nationwide
polls conducted at the beginning of 2018. These studies indicate that the debate
on amendment of the Act on the Institute of National Remembrance has increased the expression of antisemitic prejudice in the media and on the internet,
increased the presence of defective codes of memory, and at the same time
polarized the Polish debate about the behavior of Poles during the Holocaust.
The results of these analyzes are discussed in the context of earlier debates on
the Polish-Jewish relations during Nazi occupation, referring to the category of
“secondary antisemitism” that receives growing support in current social sciences
Irrational critique of Israel and Palestine: New clothes for traditional prejudice?
Author(s): Bulska, Dominika; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2018
Topics: Antisemitism, Anti-Zionism, Israel Criticism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys
Abstract: Among researchers of Antisemitism there is a relative consensus that at least some criticisms of Israel may indeed be a form of expressing Antisemitic prejudice in a more socially approved manner. However, the relations between Antisemitism and anti-Israelism are yet to be fully explained, especially since the issue is inextricably linked with the dynamic of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The two presented studies have two purposes: firstly, to measure Polish attitudes towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and, secondly, to establish the relationship between anti-Israelism and anti-Palestinism and more traditional types of prejudice, like Antisemitism and Islamophobia. In the first study (N = 301) we constructed a questionnaire of perception of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict with three subscales: Rational approach to conflict, extreme pro-Israeli opinions and extreme pro-Palestinian opinions. In the second study (N = 190) we found that both Antisemitism and Islamophobia predict the way Poles perceive the conflict between Israel and Palestine and beliefs in Jewish conspiracy seem to play the biggest role here. There is also evidence anti–Israelism is expressed not by criticizing Israel, but rather by expressing full support for Palestine. The questionnaire presented in this article may be treated as an indirect measure of Antisemitic prejudice, expressed in a more socially approved manner. Our findings may shed a new light on anti–Israelism and anti-Palestinism.
Antisemitismus in Polen
Author(s): Bulska, Dominika; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2020
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Psychology
Abstract: Antisemitismus in Polen ist auf den ersten Blick irritierend, da es sich um einen "Antisemitismus ohne Juden" zu handeln scheint. Um dieses Phänomen zu verstehen, bedarf es eines Blickes in die Geschichte der polnisch-jüdischen Beziehungen sowie die psychologischen Funktionen, die antisemitische Einstellungen erfüllen.
Powrót zabobonu: Antysemityzm w Polsce na podstawie Polskiego Sondażu Uprzedzeń 3
Translated Title: Return of Superstition: Anti-Semitism in Poland based on the Polish Prejudice Survey 3
Author(s): Bulska, Dominika; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2017
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys
From Judeo-Polonia to Act 447: How and why did the Jewish conspiracy myth become a central issue in Polish political discourse?
Author(s): Bulska, Dominika; Haska, Agnieszka; Winiewski, Mikołaj; Bilewicz, Michał
Editor(s): Astapova, Anastasiya; Colăcel, Onoriu; Pintilescu, Corneliu; Scheibner, Tamás
Date: 2020
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys
Abstract: Poland was home to one of the largest Jewish populations in the world: more than 3 million Jews lived in the country prior to the Holocaust. Currently, according to census data, there are approximately 10,000 Jews living in Poland. At the same time, antisemitic attitudes, especially the belief in a Jewish conspiracy, are widespread among Polish society. What are the sources of such attitudes? How can what has been described as “antisemitism without Jews” be expressed? What are the psychological functions of it? In this chapter, we aim to answer these questions by reviewing anti-Jewish conspiracy narratives in public discourse and by describing the results of nationwide surveys measuring the popularity of antisemitic conspiracy theories and conducted on a representative sample of Poles in recent years. Then we explain the psychological functions that belief in such conspiracy theories can provide for an individual.
Ambiwalentny stereotyp Żyda w Polsce
Translated Title: An ambivalent stereotype of a Jew in Poland
Author(s): Winiewski, Mikołaj
Editor(s): Cislak, Aleksandra; Henne, Kamil; Skarżyńska, Krystyna
Date: 2009
Topics: Antisemitism, Attitudes to Jews, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Stereotypes
Krytyka państwa Izrael a antysemityzm
Translated Title: Criticism of the State of Israel and anti-Semitism
Author(s): Winiewski, Mikołaj; Haska, Agnieszka; Bulska, Dominika
Editor(s): Stefaniak, Anna; Bilewicz, Michał; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Anti-Zionism, Israel Criticism
Antysemityzm: dynamika i psychologiczne uwarunkowania
Translated Title: Anti-Semitism: Dynamics and Psychological Determinants
Author(s): Winiewski, Mikołaj; Bilewicz, Michał
Editor(s): Stefaniak, Anna; Bilewicz, Michał; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Psychology
Traditionell und doch modern? Über die Zunahme von traditionellem Antisemitismus in Polen
Author(s): Bilewicz, Michał; Winiewski, Mikołaj; Benteler, Lara
Date: 2014
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism
The emergence of antisemitism in times of rapid social change: Survey results from Poland.
Author(s): Bilewicz, Michał; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Editor(s): Guestnet, François; Jones, Gwen
Date: 2014
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys
Antisemitism in Poland. Results of Polish Prejudice Survey 3
Author(s): Bulska, Dominika; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2018
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Discourse, Antisemitism: Far right, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys, Attitudes to Jews, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys
Are Surveys and Opinion Polls Always a Valid Tool to Assess Antisemitism? Methodological Considerations
Author(s): Winiewski, Mikołaj; Bilewicz, Michał
Editor(s): Kovács, András; Miller, Michael L.
Date: 2013
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Methodology, Surveys, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys
Traditional and yet modern? On the increase in traditional antisemitism in Poland
Author(s): Benteler, Lara; Bilewicz, Michał; Winiewski, Mikołaj
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Surveys
Harmful Ideas, The Structure and Consequences of Anti‐Semitic Beliefs in Poland
Author(s): Bilewicz, Michał; Winiewski, Mikołaj; Kofta, Mirosław; Wójcik, Adrian
Date: 2013
Topics: Antisemitism, Holocaust Commemoration, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys
Abstract: The harmfulness of anti‐Semitic beliefs is widely discussed in current political and legal debates (e.g., Cutler v. Dorn). At the same time, empirical studies of the psychological consequences of such beliefs are scarce. The present research is an attempt to explore the structure of contemporary anti‐Semitic beliefs in Poland—and to evaluate their predictive role in discriminatory intentions and behavior targeting Jews. Another aim was to determine dispositional, situational, and identity correlates of different forms of anti‐Semitic beliefs and behavior. Study 1, performed on a nation‐wide representative sample of Polish adults (N = 979), suggests a three‐factorial structure of anti‐Semitic beliefs, consisting of: (1) belief in Jewish conspiracy, (2) traditional religious anti‐Judaic beliefs, and (3) secondary anti‐Semitic beliefs, focusing on Holocaust commemoration. Of these three beliefs, belief in Jewish conspiracy was the closest antecedent of anti‐Semitic behavioral intentions. Study 2 (N = 600 Internet users in Poland) confirmed the three‐factor structure of anti‐Semitic beliefs and proved that these beliefs explain actual behavior toward Jews in monetary donations. Both studies show that anti‐Semitic beliefs are related to authoritarian personality characteristics, victimhood‐based social identity, and relative deprivation.
Antisemitism in Poland: Psychological, Religious, and Historical Aspects
Author(s): Bilewicz, Michał; Winiewski, Mikołaj; Radzik, Zuzanna
Date: 2012
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Surveys, Post-1989, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys
Abstract: The article discusses the phenomenon of antisemitic prejudice in Poland after 1989. The comparative cross-national data suggests that prejudice against Jewish people remains visible in Poland independent of the difficult history of Polish-Jewish relations. The studies reviewed in this article present potential causes and mechanisms of anti-Jewish attitudes in Poland, such as relative deprivation, victimhood-based national identity, and authoritarian political attitudes. The role of Catholic clergy and the relative decline of traditional religious antisemitic beliefs are also considered, as well as the contrast presented by political antisemitism, which has remained unchanged for the past two decades.