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Shadow Monitoring of Illegal Antisemitic Hate Speech
Author(s): Cambruzzi, Murilo
Date: 2024
Topics: Antisemitism: Monitoring, Antisemitism: Online, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Social Media
Abstract: The EU-Funded RELATION – RESEARCH, KNOWLEDGE & EDUCATION AGAINST ANTISEMITISM project (https://www.relationproject.eu) aims at defining an innovative strategy that starts from a better knowledge of the Jewish history/traditions as part of the common history/traditions, and puts in place a set of educational activities in Belgium, Italy, Romania and Spain as well as online actions in order to tackle the phenomenon. The project activities include the monitoring of antisemitism phenomenon online in the four countries of the project (Belgium, Italy, Romania and Spain) by creating a cross-country web-monitoring of illegal antisemitic hate speech. The shadow monitoring exercises aim at: ● Analyzing the removal rate of illegal antisemitic hate speech available on diverse Social Media Platforms signatory to the Code of Conduct on countering illegal hate speech online, namely Facebook, Twitter, YouTube and TikTok. ● Analyzing the types of content and narratives collected by the research team. Partners organizations focused on their country language: French for Belgium, Italian, Romanian and Spanish. Four organizations from four different countries (Belgium, Italy, Spain and Romania) took part in the monitoring exercise: Comunitat Jueva Bet Shalom De Catalunya (Bet Shalom, Spain), CEJI - A Jewish Contribution to an Inclusive Europe (Belgium), Fondazione Centro Di Documentazione Ebraica Contemporanea (CDEC, Italy), Intercultural Institute Timișoara (IIT, Romania). The monitoring exercise follows the definition of Illegal hate speech as defined “by the Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law and national laws transposing it, means all conduct publicly inciting to violence or hatred directed against a group of persons or a member of such a group defined by reference to race, colour, religion, descent or national or ethnic origin.” The content was collected and reported to social media platforms in three rounds between October 2022 and October 2023. Content was checked for removal after a week or so to give enough time to social media platforms to analyze and remove the content. The monitoring exercises devote particular attention to the intersection of antisemitism and sexism.
Antisemitismusbericht 2022 für die deutsch-, die italienischund die rätoromanischsprachige Schweiz
Translated Title: Report on Antisemitism 2022 for the German, Italian and Romansh language areas of Switzerland / Rapport sur l’antisémitisme 2022 en Suisse alémanique, italienne et rhéto-romane / Rapporto sull’antisemitismo 2022 nella Svizzera di lingua italiana, tedesca e retoromancia
Date: 2023
Topics: Antisemitism, Hate crime, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring
Abstract: In der Schweiz hat sich seit Beginn der Coronapandemie vor drei Jahren eine verschwörungsaffine, gesellschafts- und staatsfeindliche Subkultur gebildet. In diesem Umfeld werden Online zahlreiche antisemitische Verschwörungstheorien verbreitet, vielfach zur Coronapandemie aber auch zu diversen anderen Themen. Sie ist damit hauptverantwortlich dafür, dass auch 2022 eine Steigerung bei den antisemitischen Vorfällen verzeichnet werden muss. In der realen Welt wurde ebenfalls ein leichter Anstieg festgestellt.
Antisemitismusbericht 2021 für die deutsch-, die italienischund die rätoromanischsprachige Schweiz
Translated Title: Report on Antisemitism 2021 for the German, Italian and Romansh language areas of Switzerland / Rapport sur l’antisémitisme 2021 en Suisse alémanique, italienne et rhéto-romane / Rapporto sull’antisemitismo 2021 nella Svizzera di lingua italiana, tedesca e retoromancia
Date: 2022
Topics: Antisemitism, Hate crime, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring
Abstract: Die hitzigen und unversöhnlichen Debatten rund um die Pandemie und deren Folgen führen zu einer verstärkten Verbreitung antisemitischer Haltungen. Das zeigt sich bei den beobachteten antisemitischen Vorfällen und insbesondere bei antisemitischen Verschwörungstheorien, die sich im Umfeld von Massnahmegegnern und -gegnerinnen weiter stark verbreitet haben. Das Niveau der Zahl physischer und verbaler Vorfälle bleibt auf tiefem Niveau aber mit einer Erhöhung. Im Onlinebereich wird eine starke Steigerung verzeichnet. Als Trigger fungierte auch 2021 im Wesentlichen die Coronapandemie.
Antisemitismusbericht 2023 für die deutsch-, die italienischund die rätoromanischsprachige Schweiz
Translated Title: Report on Antisemitism 2023 for the German, Italian and Romansh language areas of Switzerland / Rapport sur l’antisémitisme 2023 en Suisse alémanique, italienne et rhéto-romane / Rapporto sull’antisemitismo 2023 nella Svizzera di lingua italiana, tedesca e retoromancia
Date: 2024
Topics: Antisemitism, Hate crime, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, October 7 2023 attacks + aftermath
Abstract: Die Terroranschläge der Hamas auf Israel am 7. Oktober 2023 haben in der Schweiz regelrecht eine antisemitismuswelle ausgelöst, die durch den folgenden Krieg in Gaza weiter angetrieben wurde. Die Erhebungen des antisemitismusberichts zeigen hier die Manifestation eines Triggerereignisses, wie er in diesem Ausmass in den letzten Jahrzehnten nie beobachtet wurde.
Decoding Antisemitism: An AI-driven Study on Hate Speech and Imagery Online. Discourse Report 3
Translated Title: Decoding Antisemitism : Une étude par IA du discours et de l’iconographie de la haine en ligne. Trroisième rapport d’analyse discursive / Decoding Antisemitism: Eine KI-gestützte Untersuchung von Hassrede und -bildern im Internet. Diskursreport 3.
Author(s): Becker, Matthias J; Allington, Daniel
Date: 2022
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Discourse, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Internet, Social Media, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Coronavirus/Covid, Holocaust
Abstract: The third Discourse Report examines the differences and similarities of antisemitic responses to two different national events: the demonstrations against the introduction of a Covid ‘health pass’ in France and the prosecution of former concentration camp personnel in Germany. While these two events are radically distinct in both content and context, our analysis shows that antisemitic responses to both are underpinned by trends of Holocaust distortion or trivialisation, and that antisemitic tropes are regularly used to critique the actions of the respective governments. French users frequently compare the actions of the French government in combatting Covid-19 to those of the Nazis, and protesters to the Jews. German users often sought to restore an unblemished image of the German nation and family, as well as to downplay guilt by comparing contemporary political scenarios or (alleged) crimes with the Holocaust, thus distorting the latter.
L’histoire des Juifs à l’époque fasciste dans les manuels scolaires italiens de l’enseignement secondaire de premier et deuxième cycles
Translated Title: The History of the Jews in the Fascist Era in Italian Lower and Upper Secondary School Textbooks
Author(s): Costantini, Francesca
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Education, Curriculum
Abstract: The article analyzes research conducted in 2013 on a sampling of 24 middle and high school history textbooks in an effort to document the ways in which they covered the Holocaust process in Italy. There were three fundamental steps to this process: the passage of the 1938 anti-Jewish laws, the November 1943 Republic of Salò manifesto and police order, which declared that Jews were foreigners who must be arrested immediately, and the extermination of 7,000 other Italian Jews between 1943 and 1945. On these points, we have noted imprecisions and actual omissions, not to mention the use of frequently hesitant terms and an impoverished iconography that generally fails to clearly communicate the gravity of the facts. The gaps in these books serve to scale down Italy’s responsibility for the Holocaust, oftentimes assigning all of the blame to Nazi Germany.
Des White Buses to Auschwitz de la Norvège aux Treni della Memoria italiens
Translated Title: From Norway's White Buses to Auschwitz to Italy's Treni della Memoria
Author(s): Fontana, Laura
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Memorials, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Education, Educational Tours
Abstract: My paper will focus on the Italian memorial trains to Auschwitz, which have become a very popular phenomenon that is still unparalleled in Europe. Namely, I will argue that they are an example of the deterioration of teaching about the Holocaust and the trivialization of Auschwitz. First, neither their pedagogy nor their methodology are sufficiently accurate because most of the teachers who take part in these projects have a passive attitude and fail to coordinate their students’ learning experience. Second, there is a lack of precision regarding the definition of historical facts, which leads to the use of unsuitable language. For instance, terms such as “political deportation,” “forced labor” and “the extermination of the Jews” are conflated. This lack of precision also leads to a moralizing of the Holocaust that risks overlooking and minimizing the specificity of the genocide.
Given the great success of the memorial trains and the initiative’s strong influence on the teaching of history, it is essential that we consider the ways in which teachers respond to the major challenge facing them: how to combine good history instruction with the moral lessons of Auschwitz.
Sentiments juifs, pratiques juives ? Les enfants issus des couples mixtes aux Pays-Bas
Translated Title: Jewish feelings, Jewish practices? Children of mixed couples in the Netherlands
Author(s): Tanenbaum, Barbara; Kooyman, Riki
Editor(s): Tartakowsky, Ewa; Dimentstein, Marcelo
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Intermarriage, Intermarriage: Children of Intermarried Couples, Religious Observance and Practice
Mariage mixte et conversion. Éléments de construction de l’identité juive en Suisse alémanique
Translated Title: Mixed marriage and conversion. Elements of construction of Jewish identity in German-speaking Switzerland
Author(s): Dreyfus, Madeleine
Editor(s): Tartakowsky, Ewa; Dimentstein, Marcelo
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Conversion, Intermarriage
Dynamique de la cohésion de groupe, de la promotion et du rejet de la judéité en Hongrie
Translated Title: Dynamics of group cohesion, promotion and rejection of Jewishness in Hungary
Author(s): Vincze, Kata Zsófia
Editor(s): Tartakowsky, Ewa; Dimentstein, Marcelo
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Assimilation, Jewish Identity
Basques, Jews, and the Racialization of Spanish Identity
Translated Title: Entre basques et juifs, comment l’identité espagnole s’est racialisée
Author(s): Schaub, Jean-Frédéric
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Nationalism
Abstract: Racialized statements are central to the formation and dissemination of Basque nationalism. Jean-Frédéric Schaub, a specialist on modern Spain, unravels the genealogy leading to the invention and invocation of a supposedly pure Basque identity. This conception was built up over a long period of time, at the cost was an anti-Semitism – with roots stretching back to the sixteenth century – that was reinvigorated in the nineteenth century. The Basque case is one instance of the broader question of the place of racial issues in Spanish nationalism.
Un 'trosieme partenaire' dans le judaisme mondial? Le nouveau courant intellectuel dans le judaisme d'Europe de ces dernier annees
Translated Title: 'Third Partner' for World Jewry? On the European option that has been emerging in recent years
Author(s): Michman, Dan
Editor(s): Michman, Dan
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Diaspora Relations