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Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in Contemporary France: The Effects on French Jews
Author(s): Jikeli, Günther
Date: 2018
Topics: Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Muslim, Antisemitism: Far right, Antisemitism: Left-Wing, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Threats and violence from radicalized Islamists have led to heightened security measures for Jewish organizations in France. French soldiers are protecting Jewish schools, kindergartens, community centers, and other Jewish institutions. In addition to terrorism, there are a number of other factors that have led to increased antisemitism in France. This article discusses data on antisemitic incidents and surveys on antisemitic attitudes in France. While there is a clear rise in antisemitic incidents, the trend in antisemitic attitudes is less clear. Levels of antisemitic attitudes are particularly high among Muslims, the far-right, and also the far-left, but not necessarily among the general French population. However, the rise of antisemitism has hit observant Jews more than non-observant Jews and it has led to changes in behavior, including in the display of religious signs and avoidance of places of worship. Many French Jews today question their future in France.
"Jude" als Schimpfwort im Deutschen und Französischen - Eine Fallstudie unter jungen, männlichen Berliner und Pariser Muslimen
Translated Title: "Jew" as a swear word in German and French - a case study among young, male Berlin and Parisian Muslims
Author(s): Jikeli, Günther
Date: 2009
Topics: Youth, Antisemitism: Discourse, Antisemitism: Muslim, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Judenhass und Gruppendruck - Zwölf Gespräche mit jungen Berlinern palästinensischen und libanesischen Hintergrunds
Translated Title: Hatred of Jews and peer pressure - Twelve conversations with young Berliners of Palestinian and Lebanese backgrounds
Author(s): Arnold, Sina; Jikeli, Günther
Date: 2008
Topics: Antisemitism: Muslim, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Youth, Interviews
Attitudes of Syrian and Iraqi Refugees in Germany toward Jews
Author(s): Jikeli, Günther
Editor(s): Lange, Armin; Mayerhofer, Kerstin; Porat, Dina; Schiffman, Lawrence H.
Date: 2021
Topics: Antisemitism: Muslim, Jewish - Muslim Relations, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Anti-Zionism, Interviews, Immigration, Attitudes to Israel, Attitudes to Jews
Anti-Semitism within the Extreme Right and Islamists’ Circles
Author(s): Jikeli, Günther
Editor(s): Glöckner, Olaf; Fireberg, Haim
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Far right, Antisemitism: Muslim
A Model for Coming to Terms with the Past? Holocaust Remembrance and Antisemitism in Germany since 1945
Author(s): Jikeli, Günther
Date: 2021
Topics: Antisemitism, Holocaust Memorials, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust, Holocaust Education, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial
Assessing the Threat of Antisemitic Harassment and Attack in France—Paris in Focus
Author(s): Jikeli, Günther
Date: 2020
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys
Abstract: Reports of antisemitic harassment and attacks against Jews in France have become frequent in the French and international media. However, such reports are mostly anecdotal and provide only limited information on how widespread these attacks are or if they are increasing over time. Has antisemitism become a frequent experience for French Jews? Are certain community members especially targeted? How likely is it that a Jewish visitor to France is attacked? How threatened do Jews feel and what is the impact of the perceived threat?

This paper reviews official statistics on antisemitic incidents (1), attitude surveys of the general population in France (2), and surveys among Jews (3). All three indicators have their weaknesses but taken together they can help to assess the threat that Jews in France face today of becoming victim of antisemitic harassment or attacks.
Antisemitic Attitudes among Muslims in Europe: A Survey Review
Author(s): Jikeli, Günther
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Muslim, Surveys, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: In Western Europe, Muslims have been identified as a significant group of perpetrators of antisemitic acts. Is the level of antisemitism higher among Muslims than among non-Muslims? This paper will discuss European surveys on antisemitism and compare attitudes between Muslims and non-Muslims. It is based on the review of surveys from nine countries with more than 40,000 participants,
including almost 13,000 Muslims altogether. While no comprehensive study has been conducted on an international comparative scale and most national studies focus on selective samples such as certain ethnicities or student groups, a review of the available surveys shows a clear tendency: antisemitic attitudes are significantly more widespread among Muslims than among other segments of European societies. What is more, the interpretation of Islam seems to be highly relevant. Antisemitic attitudes are particularly strong among believing and practicing Muslims and correlate with authoritarian, “fundamentalist” interpretations of Islam. A comprehensive survey on antisemitism in France is discussed in detail.
Explaining the Discrepancy of Antisemitic Acts and Attitudes in 21st Century France
Author(s): Jikeli, Günther
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Surveys, Antisemitism: Muslim, Anti-Zionism, Hate crime
Abstract: This paper assesses antisemitism in France and provides an overview of antisemitic acts and attitudes presented in survey results over the past decades. A clear rise in both the number of antisemitic incidents and the level of violence can be traced since 2000. Attitude surveys, on the other hand, do not show such a clear rise of antisemitic attitudes. There are two plausible explanations for this seeming discrepancy. The first is that antisemitic stereotypes may have changed over the years and that therefore no comparable survey data exist. Anti-Zionist forms of antisemitism, which are rarely surveyed, are likely to have become more widespread, whereas older biases contesting the Frenchness of French Jews have waned. The second is that perpetrators of antisemitic acts are a small minority of people who hardly influence the results of representative surveys. Particularly high levels of classic antisemitic attitudes can be found among Muslims and among sympathizers of the far right, and, to a lesser extent among the far left. Antisemitism seems to have radicalized within small groups of French society, including the use of extreme violence against Jews. Fringe groups of radicalized French Islamists pose an additional security threat to French Jews in particular and to society in general.