Abstract: The British Jewish community has faced an unprecedented number of attacks in recent weeks, including multiple arson incidents and a terrorist attack. As the UK government grapples with how to respond, this ISD policy brief offers a strategic framework for confronting a range of antisemitic threats. These threats encompass mainstream and extreme actors, state- and non-state-linked activity, online and offline environments, and both violence and latent cultural antisemitism. It urges a cross-government strategy, led by the UK Prime Minister’s Office, centred on the online environment and designed to address the diverse actors, tactics and harms targeting the Jewish community. This brief builds on ISD’s research and policy development on the diverse harms landscape, covering threats such as terrorism, extremism, hostile state activity and targeted hate including antisemitism.
Abstract: This research investigates how recommender algorithms on TikTok and Rumble expose UK minors to antisemitic content.
Analysts created 10 TikTok profiles representing 15-year-old users with varied political and cultural interests, including neutral interest in the Israel-Palestine conflict, left and right-wing political interest, male lifestyle influencer content, far-right content and two neutral accounts. The profiles were prompted towards relevant topics for each interest through an hour and a half of manual content viewing, followed by content engagement via bespoke bot over 14 days, resulting in over 5,500 recommended videos. Thematic analysis clustered content into 10 core themes, revealing pathways from neutral lifestyle content to highly politicised and conspiratorial clusters. Relevant themes were manually reviewed, revealing that harmful content persisted through videos, comments, and TikTok’s sticker and sound features, illustrating systemic gaps in safeguarding minors.
On Rumble, analysts collected 4,412 videos from the platform’s “Editor’s Picks” over six months. Analysts filtered for antisemitism-related keywords and reviewed 259 videos potentially relevant to antisemitism. Findings show Rumble hosts more overt antisemitic content than TikTok, including slurs, Holocaust distortion and conspiracies about Jewish control. These findings underscore urgent gaps in platform accountability and the need for robust enforcement of the Online Safety Act to protect children from the normalisation and mainstreaming of antisemitic content.
Abstract: Im Oktober 2019 übte ein bekennender Rechtsextremist am höchsten jüdischen Feiertag – Jom Kippur – in Halle ein Attentat aus, bei dem er explizit betende Jüdinnen und Juden in der Synagoge ermorden wollte. Seit dem Terrorakt der Hamas am 7. Oktober 2023 im Süden Israels und dem darauffolgenden Krieg erleben wir weltweit eine neue und andere Welle des Antisemitismus. Während einige Menschen aus dem linken und dem muslimischen Spektrum Israel das Existenzrecht absprechen, stehen nun rechte und rechtsextreme Politiker:innen vermeintlich an der Seite Israels. Diese Gemengelage kanalisiert sich in antisemitischem Hass und Hetze, sowohl online als auch auf den Straßen. Sie richten sich zwar zunächst augenscheinlich gegen „die Juden“, sind aber vielmehr eine Bedrohung unserer gesamten Demokratie, die die Rechte von Minderheiten schützen und stärken und die das friedliche Zusammenleben aller gewährleisten soll. Die genannten Beispiele des Hasses, die in ihrer Brutalität aus dem in Deutschland nachweislich verbreiteten „Alltagsantisemitismus“ herausstechen, zeugen von der Transformations- und Anschlussfähigkeit des Phänomens Antisemitismus. Nach dem Attentat in Halle schrieb das Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung im Jahr 2020 die Förderlinie „Aktuelle Dynamiken und Herausforderungen des Antisemitismus“ aus. In zehn bundesweit aufgestellten Forschungsverbünden wurden in den vergangenen vier Jahren sowohl grundlegende als auch praxisorientierte Untersuchungen zu unterschiedlichen Dimensionen, Akteur:innen und Adressat:innen bearbeitet. Mit dieser Ausgabe von Politikum werden Ergebnisse aus diesen, aber auch weiteren Forschungen vorgestellt. Dabei wird u. a. den Fragen nachgegangen, welche Vor- und Nachteile die derzeit heftig debattierten Antisemitismusdefinitionen bieten, wie israelbezogener Antisemitismus von legitimer Kritik an der Regierung Israels unterschieden werden kann, wie Deepfakes antisemitische Narrative bedienen und wie man sie dekonstruiert oder auch, ob Graphic Novels als Unterrichtsmaterial in der Antisemitismusprävention geeignet sind. Mit den Einordnungen, Bestandsaufnahmen und Empfehlungen laden wir ein, sich mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten des Phänomens zu befassen, und bieten Einblicke in aktuelle Forschungen und neueste Materialien.
Stefanie Schüler-Springorum
„Der ewige Antisemitismus“
Armin Pfahl-Traughber
Israelbezogener Antisemitismus oder legitime Kritik?
Kursierende Definitionen zur Differenzierung kritisch geprüft
Thomas Haury
Schwierige Gemengelagen
Zur Unterscheidung von israelbezogenem Antisemitismus und nicht-antisemitischen Antizionismen in Geschichte und Gegenwart
Sara Han
Die Verbindung zwischen christlichem Antisemitismus und der Neuen Rechten in Deutschland
Sina Arnold
„Importierter“ Antisemitismus?
Zur Funktionalität eines zweifelhaften Konzepts
Sarah Jadwiga Jahn
„From the river to the sea, Palastine will be free“
Herausforderungen und Perspektiven für den Rechtsstaat
Marcus Scheiber
Antisemitische Deepfakes
Dekonstruktion über Bildwissen
Ursula Hennigfeld
Antisemitismusprävention im Schulunterricht
Kriterien zum Einsatz von Graphic Novels
Projekt RESPOND!
Antisemitismus in den sozialen Medien junger Menschen
Ein Training zur Stärkung der Medien- und Handlungskompetenz
Matthias Springborn
Geldverleiher im Mittelalter?
Herausforderungen bei der Darstellung von Jüdinnen und Juden, vom Judentum und von Israel in Schulbüchern
Philipp Graf und Alexander Weidle
Das Objekt zum Subjekt machen
Jüdische Alltagskultur in Deutschland vermitteln
Abstract: The monograph contains the results of the author's research on the European Union's (EU) policy regarding the "Jewish question", as well as the characteristics of contemporary Jewish communities in Europe. It analyzes current issues related to the development and implementation of the EU Strategy on combating antisemitism and fostering Jewish life (2021–2030).
It is argued that the development of new legislation to combat antisemitism, based on the definition of antisemitism proposed by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), as well as the implementation of effective measures to support the development of Jewish life (the term "Jewish life" refers to the development of the traditional way of life of the Jews), are important tasks not only for the EU but for the entire civilized world. European efforts in these areas can serve as a benchmark and model for the United States, Canada, and other countries where such practices are just beginning to be established.
The author also analyzes the challenges of combating antisemitism in the EU and the reasons for the increasing emigration of Jews from the European continent. The monograph is intended for political scientists, historians, civil servants from EU countries and EU candidate countries, students of humanities, and all those interested in Jewish Studies.
Abstract: This document is a consolidated summary of urgent policy priorities of the Jewish community, following the
antisemitic terrorist attack on the Heaton Park Hebrew Congregation on Yom Kippur (2 October 2025), the holiest day of the Jewish calendar. This attack was not just an attack on British Jews, but on British society and British values.
These priorities are based on consultations within and between leading community organisations, including the Board of Deputies, JLC, UJS, and CST, and reflect the focus of our engagement with government and others since the attack.
We have seen a series of welcome announcements from government in response, and we are actively seeking
further action and implementation across these priorities.
However, these measures on their own will not be sufficient to meet the long-term society-wide challenge of
confronting antisemitic hatred as it has manifested itself in recent years. What is needed is a Comprehensive Government Strategy on Antisemitism, and this paper reflects what that might encompass.
Building on existing initiatives, including the recent report of the Board of Deputies Commission on Antisemitism,
we will continue working with partners and experts, with government, and with all parts of our diverse community, to seek input on these priorities and to integrate them into a wider strategy that addresses the problem at its
deepest roots. This includes ensuring the relevance of these priorities for the whole of the UK, taking account of
administrative and legal variations in devolved nations and regions.
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Law, Policy, European Union, Antisemitism: Education against, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Education, Hate crime, Jewish Heritage, Jewish Culture, Antisemitism: Strategy and Policy
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Law, Policy, European Union, Antisemitism: Education against, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Education, Hate crime, Jewish Heritage, Jewish Culture, Antisemitism: Strategy and Policy
Abstract: Since long before the October 7 attacks, Jewish communities in Europe have experienced growing hate, harassment and hostility on social media. This policy paper articulates the key challenges of online antisemitism, and provides comprehensive and practical policy steps which governments, platforms, regulators and civil society organisations can take to address them. Built through 42 interviews with Jewish organisations and experts in antisemitism and digital policy from across CCOA’s five geographies (France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Sweden), it collates local experiences and channels them into a cohesive pan-European strategy, uniting communities and sectors in joint responses.
Interviewees identified five central challenges with online antisemitism:
Jewish communities and organisations across the five geographies report the significant behavioural, social and psychological impacts of online antisemitism, which have created a chilling effect on participation in public life.
Concerns exist not just over fringe violent extremist content, but the prevailing normalisation of mainstream antisemitism and a permissive culture which facilitates its spread across all areas of society.
There are a wide range of social media platforms in the social media ecosystem each adopting distinctive approaches and standards to content moderation, however the widespread accessibility of antisemitism suggest that significant barriers remain to the effective implementation of Terms of Service, and that many platforms are failing in this regard.
There is limited awareness and understanding of the Digital Services Act (DSA) in Jewish civil society, little capacity to implement it, and a lack of confidence in its efficacy in addressing antisemitism.
Law enforcement has lacked both the capacity and legislative tools to effectively respond to the scale of illegal activity on social media.
Mainstreaming Digital Human Rights
This policy paper presents policy recommendations for Governments, Tech Platforms, Digital Regulators, and Civil Society. These approaches constitute a collective pathway, but may be diversely applicable across different geographies, communities and jurisdictions.
Abstract: Antisemitism was on the rise after 9/11, yet, until 2015, there was weak policy to address it at the national and EU levels. The following examines why and how antisemitism policy emerged on the EU agenda culminating in the creation of the 2021 comprehensive strategy to combat antisemitism. Utilizing punctuated equilibrium theory, crisification literature and literature on Commission entrepreneurship, the article explores why, although other violent attacks had occurred against Jews, it would take the double attacks in 2015 to bring attention to antisemitism within the Commission. Leadership at the EU level, NGOs working with EU institutions, a working definition of antisemitism, along with pre-existent EU legal bases in antidiscrimination law, would help promote antisemitism policy to the EU level. The EU's adoption of antisemitism policy demonstrates both Commission agenda setting and prioritizing antisemitism due to its threat to EU fundamental ideals, thus promoting a ‘European polity’ based on values.
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Law, Policy, European Union, Antisemitism: Education against, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Education, Hate crime, Jewish Heritage, Jewish Culture, Antisemitism: Strategy and Policy
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Law, Policy, European Union, Antisemitism: Education against, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Education, Hate crime, Jewish Heritage, Jewish Culture, Antisemitism: Strategy and Policy
Abstract: The NOA Hungarian Report Card showcases the current national policy landscape in 10 areas: culture, education, hate crime, hate speech, Holocaust remembrance, intercultural dialogue, media, religious freedom, security, and sport.
This research demonstrates that there is still much that the Hungarian government can and should do to combat antisemitism despite the goodwill expressed and measures already put in place. Also, it is important to keep in mind that the policy gaps highlighted in this report are not merely challenges but opportunities for the Hungarian government to manifest its commitment to eradicating antisemitism. This is especially important in the areas of education and intercultural dialogue, which arguably have the largest impact on prejudice, particularly regarding the younger generations.
Abstract: The NOA-Networks Overcoming Antisemitism project, launched in 2019, is an innovative effort to develop new public-civil society partnerships and enhance collaboration within the nongovernmental sector to support the European Council’s Declarations on fighting antisemitism and fostering Jewish life on the continent. This
report showcases the current policy landscape in 10 areas: culture, education, hate crime, hate
speech, Holocaust remembrance, intercultural dialogue, media, religious freedom, security, and
sport. The research demonstrates that there is still much the Belgian government can and should
do to combat antisemitism. Moreover, there appears to be resistance amongst policymakers to
pass specific measures or to honour commitments made at the national or European Union level.
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Education against, Antisemitism: Far right, Antisemitism: Left-Wing, Antisemitism: Muslim, Antisemitism: New Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Antisemitism: Discourse, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Terrorism, European Union, Integration, Antisemitism: Strategy and Policy
