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Beyond Victimhood : German Muslims and the Minority Question after the Holocaust
Author(s): Doughan, Sultan; Brusius, Mirjam Sarah
Date: 2022
Topics: Holocaust Commemoration, Jewish - Muslim Relations, Islam, Immigration, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Minorities, National Identity, Attitudes to Jews, Tolerance
Abstract: In her research, Sultan Doughan shows how the memory of the Holocaust is mobilized in tolerance education and extremism prevention as a means of integrating Muslims into German society. Yet while the German government invests in memorials and museums that commemorate the Holocaust, Doughan argues, it also extricates itself from current forms of violence. Holocaust commemoration as a European project is part of a triumphalist narrative that presents Vergangenheitsbewältigung as a successful transition to liberal democracy—a reality that minoritizes and racializes Middle Easterners as Muslims. In this interview with historian Mirjam Sarah Brusius, anthropologist Sultan Doughan examines how Middle Easterners in Germany relate to the figure of the Jew. Muslims and Jews operate in this governed structure as opposing figures who must be religious and historical enemies. While both have clearly assigned roles in German public discourse, Doughan approaches their historical and contemporary positionalities beyond clear-cut concepts of Opferkonkurrenz, and thus rethinks this discourse and points to past and future alliances.
Liberal tolerance and its hauntings: Moral compasses, anti-Semitism and Islamophobia
Author(s): Romeyn, Esther
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Jewish - Muslim Relations, Islamophobia, Main Topic: Other, Tolerance, Multiculturalism, Minorities, Antisemitism
Abstract: The pro-Gaza demonstrations that marked the summer of 2014 were trailed by a concern over the intensity of anti-Semitism among European Muslims and accusations of ‘double standards’ with regard to anti-Muslim racism. In the Netherlands, the debate featured a nexus between the Holocaust, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, freedom of speech and the limits of tolerance, which beckons a closer analysis. I argue that it indicates the place of the Holocaust in the European imaginary as one of a haunting, which is marked by a structure of dis/avowal. Prescriptive multicultural tolerance, which builds on Europe’s debt to the Holocaust and represents the culturalized response to racial inequalities, reiterates this structure of dis/avowal. It ensures that its normative framework of identity politics and equivalences, and the Holocaust, Jews and anti-Semitism which occupy a seminal place within it, supplies the dominant (and in the case of anti-Semitism, displaced) terms for the contestation of (disavowed) racialized structures of inequality. The dominance of the framework of identity politics as a channel for minority populations to express a sense of marginalization and disaffection with mainstream politics, however, risks culturalizing both the origins and the solutions to that marginalization. Especially when that sense of marginalization is filtered and expressed through the contestation of the primacy of the Holocaust memory, it enables the state, which embeds Jews retrogressively in the European project, to externalize racialized minorities on the basis of presumed cultural incompatibilities (including anti-Semitism, now externalized from the memory of Europe proper and attributed uniquely to the Other); to erase its historical and contemporary racisms; and to subject minority populations to disciplinary securitization. Moreover, it contributes to the obfuscation of the political, social and economic dynamics through which neo-liberal capitalism effects the hollowing out of the social contract and the resultant fragmentation of society (which the state then can attribute to ‘deficient’ minority cultures and values).
Anti-Semitism, Tolerance and Historical Memory in the Post-Soviet Space
Translated Title: Антисемитизм, толерантность и историческая память на постсоветском пространстве
Editor(s): Ben Yakov, Haim
Date: 2022
Topics: Post-1989, Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys, Xenophobia, Antisemitism, Memory, Tolerance
Abstract: The Institute of Euro-Asian Jewish Studies, operating under the auspices of the Euro-Asian Jewish Congress, has published a monographic issue. It includes articles by prominent scientists from Russia, Ukraine and Israel, which examine the problems of anti-Semitism, tolerance and historical memory in the post-Soviet space.
The Limits of Tolerance: A Field Experiment at a German University on Bias against the Israeli Flag
Author(s): Lutter, Mark; Pech, Naomi; Grimm, Marc
Date: 2025
Topics: Universities / Higher Education, Students, Experiments, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Israel-Related, Attitudes to Israel, Israel Criticism, Tolerance
Abstract: In the aftermath of the October 7, 2023 attacks, reports of anti-Israel expressions at German universities have raised questions about the prevalence and nature of such sentiments in academic environments. Traditional survey-based research on antisemitism and anti-Israel sentiment is often limited by response biases and social desirability bias. This study introduces a novel field-experimental approach to measuring anti-Israel sentiment in a real-world university setting. Using event history analysis, it examines the removal probability of stickers of the Israeli flag compared to German, US, Palestinian, and rainbow flags at a German university. Over a 24-week period, 600 stickers were placed on 50 public notice boards and were monitored for 14-day cycles. The results provide strong evidence of anti-Israel sentiment. The Israeli flag had the highest removal rate, with only 47.5% of the flags remaining at the end of the observation period—significantly lower than the survival rates of the other flags (which range from 68% to 80%). Cox regression analysis confirms that Israeli flags faced the highest removal hazard, being 3.3 to 3.7-times more likely to be removed than the rainbow flag and nearly twice as likely as the German flag. Politically motivated removals, though less frequent, disproportionately targeted Israeli flags as well. Removal rates were highest in hallways of the humanities, shared humanities/social sciences as well as in central facilities hallways. Hallways in the natural sciences, the human- and social sciences and economics had lower removal rates. Areas with higher student traffic exhibited fewer removals. Overall, the findings indicate a pronounced anti-Israel bias on campus, distinct from attitudes toward other nationalities or symbols.
The contribution of the modern orthodox Jewish faith school in twenty-first century England to conceptions of religious toleration and citizenship
Author(s): Levin, Lynne Robyn
Date: 2014
Topics: Jewish Schools, Main Topic: Education, Tolerance, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Orthodox Judaism
Abstract: This thesis challenges the widely held liberal view that faith schools are necessarily a conflictual influence in contemporary society. In examining the conceptual resources that the Modern Orthodox Jewish (MOJ) faith school might bring to the formation of its pupils as tolerant citizens, the thesis draws on selected contexts and concepts of toleration from British thought in the seventeenth and early eighteenth century most notably that of John Locke, from the era of Enlightenment and Emancipation in seventeenth to nineteenth century Europe, and from contemporary ideas concerning aspects of toleration and citizenship central to the present day. The argument does not take for granted homogeneous and conventional conceptions of toleration, or indeed of intolerance. In paving a critical path, it offers fresh perspectives on religious autonomy and diversity from a philosophical, historical, theological, political and educational point of view. These ideas provide a significant contribution to issues of crucial current debate concerning religious toleration and citizenship in twenty-first century liberal democratic England. Finally the thesis suggests ways in which the MOJ faith school might educate its pupils to participate in, and contribute to, wider society as a community of tolerant practice, and offers ideas concerning the philosophical framework that might underpin this practice.
L’antisémitisme en France en 2013
Author(s): Mayer, Nonna
Date: 2014
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys, Tolerance
Abstract: La France est-elle touchée par une vague d’antisémitisme sans précédent ? Non, répond Nonna Mayer. S’appuyant sur le rapport 2013 de la CNCDH, elle montre que les juifs restent de loin la minorité la moins stigmatisée, même si la crise affecte de façon globale l’indice de tolérance.
Lietuvos moksleivių nuostatos žydų atžvilgiu ir etninės tolerancijos ugdymas
Translated Title: Ethnic tolerance and attitudes towards Jews of the Lithuanian high school students
Author(s): Šutinienė, Irena
Date: 2008
Topics: Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Education against, Attitudes to Jews, Holocaust Education, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys, Schools: Seconday / High Schools, Tolerance
Abstract: Ethnic tolerance of the Lithuanian high school students aged at 16-17 as well as antisemitism in their attitudes towards Jews is analysed in the article on the basis of survey data. Incoherence is felt in many students' tolerance attitudes. Only active tolerance is related to "genuine", coherent non-antisemitsm. Among two types of antisemitic stereotypes and prejudices the few students accept traditional political antisemitism, but the antisemitic stereotypes of Holocaust history in Lithuania arc accepted in a bigger proportion. The effects of the participation of the schools in the Tolerance education projects and initiatives on the students' tolerance attitudes and antisemitic stereotypes in their attitudes towards Jews are analysed as well.
"Again with the Jews?" : transnational governmentality, holocaust discourse, and the struggle for tolerance education in Post-Soviet Lithuania
Author(s): Beresniova, Christine
Date: 2014
Topics: Holocaust Education, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Tolerance, Policy
Abstract: Acknowledging that legislation and policy are technologies of power used to organize societies and influence how individuals construct themselves as subjects, this study examines the intersections of transnational discourses, the politics of memory, and post-Soviet reforms for tolerance and Holocaust education in contemporary Lithuania. Using a multi-sited, anthropological approach based on 2 years of fieldwork, the central focus of this study is how policies, programs, and discourses adopted for EU and NATO accession were appropriated by individuals on the ground. What this study finds is that while the historical facts of the Holocaust are generally not in debate, what tolerance and Holocaust education mean in contemporary Lithuanian identity and collective memory is still widely debated. The implications of these findings suggest that, even in resistance, Holocaust and tolerance education have been incorporated into local discourses about how Lithuanians view themselves as democratic citizens. Furthermore, while many studies about post-Soviet educational policies for tolerance and Holocaust education focus on local attitudes, pedagogical methods, or regional historical circumstances, this study takes the intersections of transnational policy discourses and national educational reforms as its starting point to examine not only what tolerance and Holocaust education mean to individuals in the local context, but what they mean in western policy conversations as well. The aim of this dissertation is to contribute comprehensive qualitative research to better understand how international policy conversations about education, memory, and politics are representative of international and transnational negotiations of power.
Touring Amsterdam: Jews and the Tolerant City
Author(s): Modan, Gabriella
Editor(s): Piazza, Roberta
Date: 2019
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Jewish Heritage, Jewish Neighbourhoods, Cities and Suburbs, Jewish Space, Tolerance, Tourism
Individual Difference and Social Status Predictors of Anti-Semitism and Racism: U.S. and Czech Findings with the Prejudice/Tolerance and Right Wing Authoritarianism Scales
Author(s): Dunbar, Edward; Simonova, Lucie
Date: 2003
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Far right, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Racism, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys, Tolerance, Authoritarianism, Prejudice
Abstract: The relationship of individual difference and social status variables to outgroup bias was studied in the Czech Republic and the US Gough's prejudice/tolerance (Pr/To) and Altemeyer's right wing authoritarianism (RWA) scales were employed with social status variables of gender, age, economic level, and ethnicity in predicting anti-Semitism and racial bias. One hundred and eighty-eight Czech and 281 US participants were included in the study. Results revealed similar cross-cultural relationships for Pr/To and RWA to outgroup bias. However, significant US and Czech differences existed for the social status variables in relationship to outgroup bias. For the Czech sample, men scored significantly higher on Pr/To, RWA, and the measures of outgroup bias while for the US sample of the outgroup bias measures varied by economic level. Hierarchical multiple regression results, controlling for social status variables, demonstrated similar predictive relationships of Pr/To and RWA for anti-Semitism with the Czech and US samples and anti-Roma bias (Czech sample) and anti-Black racism (US sample). A two-factor model is proposed to examine individual difference predisposition to endorse outgroup bias.
Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Spectropolitics and Immigration
Author(s): Romeyn, Esther
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Memory, Islamophobia, Multiculturalism, Racism, Immigration, Jewish - Muslim Relations, Tolerance
Abstract: In the context of the Dutch immigration debate, tributes to the Holocaust and the memory of Europe’s dead Jews increasingly serve to dismantle multiculturalism as a failed paradigm and to drive a wedge between a revitalized, redeemed, color-blind, post-racial Europe and disenfranchized immigrant, minority and Muslim populations. Embedded in these invocations of the Holocaust and its moral imperatives is a ‘spectropolitics’ of tolerance, in which tolerance, staged as an essential touchstone of Dutch identity, supplies a differential norm that measures the civilizational and racial disjuncture between Europeans, minorities, and Muslims, and validates the new dual paradigm of Dutch citizenship and immigration policy: securitization and disciplinary integration. The centrality of the Holocaust as paradigmatic of Dutch and European racial history meanwhile sidelines the colonial past as constitutive of European identity; displaces an alternative understanding of race as (bio- and necro-political) instruments of colonial rule; and disavows the continued application of these instruments of racial rule in Dutch and European post-colonial societies.
Inside the Museum: Torahs, Tanks, and Tech: Moscow's Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center
Author(s): Nathans, Benjamin
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Jewish Museums, Memory, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Education, Tolerance
The Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow: Judaism for the masses
Author(s): Gershenson, Olga
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Jewish Museums, Post-1989, Jewish Revival, Memory, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Education, Tolerance
Abstract: In 2012, a new Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center opened in Moscow – an event unthinkable during the Soviet regime. Financed at the level of $50 million, created by an international crew of academics and museum designers, and located in a landmark building, the museum immediately rose to a position of cultural prominence in the Russian museum scene. Using interactive technology and multimedia, the museum's core exhibition presents several centuries of complex local Jewish history, including the Second World War period. Naturally, the Holocaust is an important part of the story. Olga Gershenson's essay analyzes the museum's relationship to Holocaust history and memory in the post-Soviet context. She describes the museum's struggle to reconcile a Soviet understanding of the “Great Patriotic War” with a dominant Western narrative of the Holocaust, while also bringing the Holocaust in the Soviet Union to a broader audience via the museum. Through recorded testimonies, period documents, and film, the museum's display narrates the events of the Holocaust on Soviet soil. This is a significant revision of the Soviet-era discourse, which universalized and externalized the Holocaust. But this important revision is limited by the museum's choice to avoid the subject of local collaborators and bystanders. The museum shies away from the most pernicious aspect of the Holocaust history on Soviet soil, missing an opportunity to take historic responsibility and confront the difficult past.
Widerspruchstoleranz. Ein Theorie-Praxis-Handbuch zu Antisemitismuskritik und Bildungsarbeit
Translated Title: Tolerance of contradiction. A theory-practice manual on anti-Semitism criticism and educational work
Date: 2013
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Education against, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Teaching, Tolerance
Abstract: Die Broschüre "Widerspruchstoleranz" von der "Kreuzberger Initiative gegen Antisemitismus (KIGA)" bezieht sich auf das Modellprojekt "Anerkennen, Auseinandersetzen, Begegnen – präventive pädagogische Konzepte gegen Antisemitismus für die Migrationsgesellschaft". Ziel des Projektes ist es sich intensiv mit den derzeitigen Herausforderungen für die Bildungsarbeit gegen Antisemitismus auseinanderzusetzen und vor diesem Hintergrund Methodenbausteine für die pädagogische Arbeit zu der Thematik zu entwickeln.

Die Broschüre ist in drei Teile untergliedert. Der erste Teil setzt sich intensiv mit theoretischen Fragen (z.B. NS-Geschichtsvermittlung, Nahostkonflikt, Alltagskultur u.a.) auseinander, im zweiten Teil werden Diskussionen und Überlegungen zum Verhältnis von Theorie und Praxis, die im verantwortlichen Team stattgefunden haben, vorgestellt. Die Broschüre endet mit einer ausführlichen Darstellung von Methoden für die pädagogische Arbeit. Auf der beiliegenden DVD befinden sich alle Anleitungen inklusive der dazugehörigen Materialien und Vorlagen.
Jewish Life in Twenty-First-Century Turkey The Other Side of Tolerance
Author(s): Brink-Danan, Marcy
Date: 2011
Topics: Minorities, National Identity, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Tolerance
Abstract: Turkey is famed for a history of tolerance toward minorities, and there is a growing nostalgia for the “Ottoman mosaic.” In this richly detailed study, Marcy Brink-Danan examines what it means for Jews to live as a tolerated minority in contemporary Istanbul. Often portrayed as the “good minority,” Jews in Turkey celebrate their long history in the region, yet they are subject to discrimination and their institutions are regularly threatened and periodically attacked. Brink-Danan explores the contradictions and gaps in the popular ideology of Turkey as a land of tolerance, describing how Turkish Jews manage the tensions between cosmopolitanism and patriotism, difference as Jews and sameness as Turkish citizens, tolerance and violence.
Jewish-Muslim Relations in Sweden
Author(s): Tossavainen, Mikael
Date: 2009
Topics: Islam, Jewish - Muslim Relations, Tolerance, Interfaith Dialogue, Antisemitism: Muslim, Main Topic: Other
Abstract:

The author discusses the Jewish and Muslim populations of Sweden, outlines venues and efforts for interfaith dialogue between the two groups, identifies issues of mutual interest (including promoting tolerance for ritual slaughter and circumcision), identifies issues of conflict, and notes instances of attacks on Jews.