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Genocide in Gaza? Social Media Discussions of Violence in Israel and Gaza
Author(s): Williams, Timothy; Dafnos, Andreas
Date: 2026
Topics: Antisemitism: Online, Conflict and Controversy, Attitudes to Israel, Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Main Topic: Other, October 7 2023 attacks + aftermath, Palestinian Solidarity and Activism, Social Media
Abstract: This article conducts social network and topic analyses of German-language posts on X that discuss genocide and terrorism in Israel and Gaza in the first six months after the October 7 attacks and compares these to broader English-language discourses on the platform. The comparison reveals subtle differences in how Israeli violence and governance and Palestinians are discussed and who is seen as complicit in supporting violence. Markedly, German-language posts discuss what constitutes antisemitism more and employ a more restrained language towards Israel as a state and its political actors than English-language posts. We tie these findings back to the idiosyncrasies of the German memory culture.
Learning about and from the Holocaust? On the limits of Holocaust education as civic education
Author(s): Witherow-Culpepper, Willa; Williams, Timothy
Date: 2025
Topics: Holocaust: Education, Evaluation and Impact, Policy, Politics, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Anti-Racism
Abstract: Policymakers promote Holocaust education for achieving civic and anti-racist outcomes, yet the empirical efficacy of Holocaust education is questionable. We suggest that Holocaust education remains politically popular in the USA and UK as the Holocaust’s framing as an exceptional event allows framing education as non-partisan and apolitical. However, such focus on the Holocaust as universalized, ahistorical and apolitical constitute core weaknesses as an educational device. Also, we argue that Holocaust education grounds suffering in a unique historical moment that lack clear ties to today's issues. The article suggests a more cautious reliance on Holocaust education for civic and anti-racist outcomes.