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Prevention of antisemitism in German sport organisations: learning from football?
Author(s): Haut, Jan; Müller, Lasse; Heim, Christopher; Hasselbeck, Ferdinand
Date: 2026
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Strategy and Policy, Discrimination, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Sport: Football, Sport: General and Non-Football
Abstract: A growing body of literature has highlighted antisemitism as a specific form of discrimination in football. A recent study from Germany revealed that many football players in Maccabi clubs have experienced antisemitic incidents, whereas such experiences were less frequent in other sports. The comparatively high incidence of antisemitism in football is mirrored by increasing efforts of German clubs and associations to address the issue. However, little is known about how other sports are responding to antisemitic discrimination. To fill this gap, this study investigates to what extent German sport associations (N = 105) are aware of antisemitism and have implemented measures to combat it. The methodological approach mirrors that of an earlier football-focused study, combining standardised analyses of associations’ websites with qualitative evaluations of mission statements and other documents. A comparison between football and other sports reveals both contrasts and similarities. Considering antisemitism as a historical phenomenon only, or unclear reporting mechanisms, appear as common problems. But while football organisations have developed several strategies and measures, many other sport organisations have not established specific approaches to address antisemitism. Accordingly, recommendations for different types of organisations can be derived.
Antisemitism as a football specific problem? The situation of Jewish clubs in German amateur sport
Author(s): Müller, Lasse; Haut, Jan; Heim, Christopher
Date: 2022
Topics: Sport: General and Non-Football, Sport: Football, Antisemitism, Main Topic: Other, Surveys, Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys
Abstract: Despite the undisputed existence of antisemitic incidents in sport, little is known about their exact prevalence and forms of manifestation. Also in Germany, physical and verbal attacks against Jewish sports clubs have repeatedly come to light. To estimate the prevalence of antisemitic incidents in German grassroot sports, a standardised online survey was conducted among members of Jewish sports clubs in Germany (N=309, data collection 3 November 2020 to 24 January 2021). Results show an accumulation of cases in football: more than two-thirds (68%) of the football players have experienced an antisemitic incident at least once, while the share in other sports is only 14%. The results indicate that football offers a particularly large number of constellations that lead to the expression of antisemitic patterns. At its core, football is shaped by a clash of group identities. It is widely accepted that opponents and their supporters are devalued through aggressive and emotionalized behaviour. A tendency towards underreporting can furthermore be observed in dealing with the incidents, among other reasons due to a significant proportion of those surveyed do not trust the sanction mechanisms of the sports associations – this in turn applies to footballers and non-footballers.