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Vom „Fiedler auf dem Dach“ zu den „Gypsy Kings“ - Juden und Roma/Zigeuner in den europäischen Topografien der Erinnerung
Translated Title: From the “Fiddler on the Roof” to the “Gypsy Kings” - Jews and Roma / Gypsies in the European topographies of memory
Author(s): Rüthers, Monica
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Jewish Culture, Jewish Heritage, Roma, Comparisons: Between Jews and Non-Jews, Music, Folklore
Abstract: Jews and Gypsies are marginal men in the cultural topographies of Europe. During the past 25 years, both minorities underwent a process of festivalization. Jewish Culture Festivals and Klezmer music as well as Gypsy Music Festivals and Balkan Beats became highly popular. Jewish and Gypsy spaces were established and serve as tourist borderzones for the encounters of "Europeans" with their exoticized Other. A new European folklore emerges, successfully blending kitsch and terror, remembrance and the romanticized nomadism of post-modern lifestyles. Two case studies of the Jewish Culture Festival in Kazimierz and the Gypsy pilgrimage to Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer reveal telling asymmetries. After 1989, the imaginary Jews were located in the former Jewish districts of Central European cities such as Cracow, Prague and Budapest or Czernowitz. The Holocaust became the foundation of a common European culture of remembrance, a new European tradition. Gypsies are revered as musicians, yet reviled as people. The very same regions of Jewish encoded "Central Europe" shifted eastward on the mental maps as soon as the Roma were concerned. Europeans are in fear of a Roma "invasion" from the East. The European ambivalence towards its Others is symptomatic of a community striving to imagine itself. In this process, to have or have not a common European history plays a pivotal role. The imaginary Jews seem to embody a common multicultural "European" past, whilst the Roma "come from India". They are represented as belly-dancing Orientals and used for drawing boundaries excluding non-Europeans.
Juden und Zigeuner im europäischen Geschichtstheater: »Jewish Spaces«/»Gypsy Spaces« – Kazimierz und Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer in der neuen Folklore Europas
Translated Title: Jews and Gypsies in the European historical theater: »Jewish Spaces«/»Gypsy Spaces« – Kazimierz and Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer in the new folklore of Europe
Author(s): Rüthers, Monica
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Klezmer, Jewish Culture, Comparisons: Between Jews and Non-Jews, Jewish Space, Folklore, Arts and Culture: Festivals (Jewish)
Abstract: In Analogie zu den stadträumlichen Inszenierungen jüdischer Kultur, den »Jewish Spaces«, gewinnnen zunehmend auch »Gypsy Spaces« an Gestalt. Roma-Festivals sind populär, während gleichzeitig die Angst vor einer »Roma-Invasion« grassiert. Monica Rüthers geht der Entstehungsgeschichte und den Funktionen dieser neuen Folklore im gegenwärtigen Europa nach. Sie vergleicht das jüdische Kulturfestival in Krakau mit der Zigeunerwallfahrt in Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer und passt beide Räume in die kulturellen Topografien Europas ein. Die Analyse dieser Anlässe erlaubt die Frage, ob solche Räume auch emanzipatorisches Potenzial entfalten können. Es zeigt sich: Im Umgang mit dem Fremden spiegelt sich der Prozess der europäischen Integration.
Quand le Balkan beat pulse et le klezmer gémit: Les festivals de musique tsigane et juive
Translated Title: When Balkan beat pulses and klezmer moans: Gypsy and Jewish music festivals
Author(s): Rüthers, Monica
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Music, Klezmer, Arts and Culture: Festivals (Jewish)
Abstract: Cette contribution propose une approche comparative du Festival de culture juive de Cracovie et du pèlerinage gitan des Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer. Elle met en parallèle l’essor simultané du klezmer et du flamenco avec celui des festivals de culture juive et de la musique Gypsy. L’enjeu en est le regard asymétrique de l’Europe sur les deux minorités historiques que constituent les Juifs et les Tsiganes. La festivalisation de ces minorités depuis les années 1980 et l’énorme attrait qu’elles représentent pour le public indiquent que les « Européens » ont besoin des figures liminales du Juif et du Tsigane pour renégocier leurs propres identités. Les festivals promettent une expérience liminale, une rencontre avec l’Autre, figure exotisée. De même, la mise en scène des minorités par le truchement de la programmation des festivals fait apparaître des ambivalences qui se recoupent avec les divers lieux de la topographie mémorielle européenne.
Jewish spaces and Gypsy spaces in the cultural topographies of a New Europe: heritage re-enactment as political folklore
Author(s): Ruethers, Monica
Date: 2013
Topics: Main Topic: Culture and Heritage, Jewish Space, Jewish Culture, Memory, Comparisons: Between Jews and Non-Jews, Folklore
Abstract: The European phenomenon of Jewish spaces was first described in the mid-1990s. They were then defined as themed environments initiated and operated by non-Jews, often located in historical Jewish neighbourhoods. Since then Jewish spaces have become a well-established concept in the media and among academics. This article explores Gypsy spaces as analogous to Jewish spaces. The paper compares two cases, the Gypsy pilgrimage to Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer in southern France and the Jewish Culture Festival in the Polish town of Kraków. There are striking parallels between the thriving Gypsy music festivals, Gypsy horse fairs and Gypsy pilgrimages on the one side, and Jewish Culture Festivals on the other. The author formulates some hypotheses as to why Gypsy spaces have not yet been recognised and dealt with more extensively. To conclude, the Jewish and Gypsy spaces are situated in a European landscape of remembrance and interpreted as heritage re-enactment within the framework of European integration.