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Antisemitism - Overview of antisemitic incidents recorded in the European Union 2011-2021
Date: 2022
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitic incidents and hate crimes violate fundamental rights, especially the right to human dignity, the right to equality of treatment and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This report provides an overview of available data on antisemitism as recorded by official and unofficial sources in the EU Member States and in Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia. The data provided by the countries are supplemented with information from international organisations.
Antisemitism in 2022 - Overview of antisemitic incidents recorded in the European Union
Date: 2023
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitic incidents and hate crimes violate fundamental rights. This report provides an overview of antisemitic incidents in 2022. It reveals persistent gaps in the recording of antisemitism across Europe that impedes efforts to effectively counter hatred towards Jews. It covers antisemitic incidents reported in the 27 EU Member States in 2022 and includes available data of the same year from Albania, the Republic of North Macedonia and Serbia. As this is a yearly publication covering the period 01/01/2022–31/12/2022, it does not include antisemitic incidents reported in 2023. This is the 19th edition and is the only annual source of data of this nature for the EU.”
Antisemitism - Overview of antisemitic incidents recorded in the European Union 2010-2020
Date: 2021
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitic incidents and hate crimes violate fundamental rights, especially the right to human dignity, the right to equality of treatment, and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This report provides an overview of available data on antisemitism as recorded by official and unofficial sources in the EU Member States as well as Albania, North Macedonia and Serbia. The data provided by the countries are supplemented with information from international organisations.
Antisemitism: Overview of antisemitic incidents recorded in the European Union 2009-2019
Date: 2020
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: The present report provides an overview of data on antisemitism as recorded by international organisations and by official and unofficial sources in the European Union (EU) Member States. Furthermore, the report includes data concerning the United Kingdom, which in 2019 was still a Member State of the EU. For the first time, the report also presents available statistics and other information with respect to North Macedonia and Serbia, as countries with an observer status to the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). All data presented in the report are based on the respective countries’ own definitions and categorisations of antisemitic behaviour. At the same time, an increasing number of countries are using the working definition of antisemitism developed by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA), and there are efforts to further improve hate crime data collection in the EU, including through the work of the Working Group on hate crime recording, data collection and encouraging reporting (2019–2021), which FRA facilitates. ‘Official data’ are understood in the context of this report as those collected by law enforcement agencies, other authorities that are part of criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations.

This annual overview provides an update on the most recent figures on antisemitic incidents, covering the period 1 January 2009 – 31 December 2019, across the EU Member States, where data are available. It includes a section that presents the legal framework and evidence from international organisations. The report also provides an overview of national action plans and other measures to prevent and combat antisemitism, as well as information on how countries have adopted or endorsed the non-legally binding working definition of antisemitism adopted by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) (2016) as well as how they use or intend to use it.

This is the 16th edition of FRA’s report on the situation of data collection on antisemitism in the EU (including reports published by FRA’s predecessor, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia).
Обществени нагласи към антисемитизма и езика на омразата. Национално представително и проучване сред еврейската общност България
Translated Title: Public Attitudes Towards Antisemitism and Hate Speech in Bulgaria: The Opinion of the General Public and the Jewish Community
Date: 2023
Topics: Antisemitism: Attitude Surveys, Antisemitism, Jewish Perceptions of Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism, Surveys
Abstract: Настоящото проучване е възложено от Дипломатическия институт към Министерство на външните работи и е проведено от социологическа агенция Алфа Рисърч. То е част от проекта „Стратегическо сътрудничество между България и Норвегия в подкрепа на международните ангажименти на България за борба с антисемитизма и опазването на еврейското наследство“, финансиран по Финансовия механизъм на Европейското икономическо пространство и Норвежкия финансов механизъм. Проучването има за цел
да регистрира и анализира обществените оценки за отношенията между отделните етнически и религиозни общности, нагласите към езика на омразата и антисемитизма, ролята на познанието и на историческата памет като превенция срещу тези явления. Резултатите трябва да послужат като надеждна отправна точка за изготвяне и прилагане на първия Национален план за действие за борба с антисемитизма в България.
Основните задачи пред изследването са:
• Да опише видовете антисемитски нагласи и източниците на тяхното активиране и тиражиране.
• Да регистрира силата на привързаност към изразявани антисемитски тези.
• Да открои източниците на антисемитски послания и тяхната резултатност.
• Да открои потенциала за радикализация на антисемитските настроения.
• Да открои готовността за поведенчески прояви, провокирани от антисемитски нагласи.
• Да открои работещите форми на превенция срещу разпространение и доверие на антисемитски послания.
• Да опише възрастовите и социално-структурни динамики на възприемчивост към антисемитски послания и прояви.
• Да идентифицира равнището на познаване на еврейската общност.
• Да идентифицира нуждите от запознаване на масовата общественост с еврейската общност.
• Да идентифицира равнището на познание за Холокоста в Европа по времето на Втората световна война.
• Да идентифицира равнището на познание за събитията в България, свързани с еврейската общност по време на Втората световна война.
• Да идентифицира нуждите и възможностите за подобряване на информираността на българската общественост относно Холокоста в Европа и положението на еврейската общност в България по време на Втората световна война.
World War II and the Holocaust in Post-Communist Memorial Museums
Author(s): Radonić, Ljiljana
Editor(s): Srodecki, Paul; Kozlova, Daria
Date: 2023
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Memorials, Holocaust Commemoration, Post-1989, Museums, Jewish Museums
Bulgarian antisemitism in the 21st century
Author(s): Marinova-Christidi, Rumyana
Date: 2023
Topics: Antisemitism, Anti-Zionism, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: This article examines the conceptual elements of antisemitism in Bulgaria today as well as the ways in which these concepts are communicated linguistically and visually. It seeks to provide an insight into different aspects of antisemitism – from direct manifestations to attempts at rewriting or distorting the history of Bulgaria’s Jewry. The IHRA definition is used for the identification of antisemitic manifestations, from classical stereotypes (power, greed, etc.) to more contemporary attributions (Israel-related antisemitism such as instrumentalisation of the Holocaust, Nazi analogy, denial of Israel’s right to exist).
Debating the Fate of Bulgarian Jews during World War II
Author(s): Benatov, Joseph
Editor(s): Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata
Date: 2013
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust
Der Zweite Weltkrieg in postsozialistischen Gedenkmuseen Geschichtspolitik zwischen der ‚Anrufung Europas‘ und dem Fokus auf ‚unser‘ Leid
Translated Title: World War Two in Post-Communist Memorial Museums. Memory Politics between an 'Invocation of Europe' and the Focus on 'Our' Suffering
Author(s): Radonić, Ljiljana
Date: 2021
Topics: European Union, Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Memorials, Communism, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory, Memorial, Museums, Post-1989
Abstract: This volume is the first to examine the museum landscape of all post-socialist EU member states. How do museums present the Second World War, the Holocaust, and Soviet crimes? As part of their nations’ attempts to join the EU, some "invoke" Europe, aiming to prove their Europeanness by adopting international museification trends. Others demand that "Europe" recognizes their suffering under Soviet rule as the greater evil.
Страдание И Спасение: Паметта На Еврейските Общности В Русе, Шумен И Варна
Translated Title: Anguish And Salvation: The Memory of the Jewish Communities In Rousse, Shumen and Varna
Editor(s): Ненов, Николай
Date: 2015
Topics: Anthropology, Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Survivors, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory, Jewish Community, Oral History and Biography
Abstract: Настоящият сборник съдържа устни разкази на еврейските общности за самите тях и живота им в Русе, Шумен и Варна. Разказите са подредени в осем глави, които съответстват на различните антропологически категории и представят чуто или преживяно от първо лице. Хронологията в книгата е съобразена единствено с битието в житейските цикли и поради това във всяка отделна глава може да се проследи картината за свят на различните поколения хора.

Разказите са резултат от теренно проучване, проведено през пролетта на 2015 година. То отразява не само състоянието на градските общности на евреите в Русе, Шумен и Варна, но осветлява паметта за тях, описва хора и събития, отнасящи се и за онази част от българските евреи, които днес живеят в държавата Израел. Тридесет наши сънародници – 17 жени и 13 мъже, чрез своите разкази и спомени изграждат впечатляващ териториален обхват на проучването, който включва 27 български населени места и в действителност покрива картата на страната.
Антисемитизъм в България днес
Translated Title: Antisemitism in Bulgaria today
Author(s): Криспин, Алфред
Date: 2004
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Хитлеристки флагове и символи, размахвани от „неидентифицирани“ пронацисти на площада пред Президентството навръх Новата 2001 година, скандализираха тогавашния президент на България, г-н Петър Стоянов, излязъл да приветства под изобилно валещия сняг празнуващото множество. Този дързък акт, който през отминаващата година беше предшествуван от издаването на „Моята борба“ на Адолф Хитлер и на дузина други фашистки съчинения, предизвика оживени коментари и даде повод за заглавия като „В България се ражда антисемитизъм“ /„24 часа“, 18.01.2001/.

Разтревожени от зачестилите подобни прояви, три неправителствени организации - Българският хелзинкски комитет, Организацията на евреите в България „Шалом“ и Институт „Отворено общество“ - решиха да установят емпирично какъв е действителният размер на това явление тук и създадоха Работна група за изследване на антисемитизма в България днес. Мандатът на Работната група беше да документира и анализира в продължение на цялата 2003-та година такива нелицеприятни факти в страна, която в епохата на Холокоста спаси от изтребление целокупното си еврейско малцинство.

В този сборник участниците в Работната група представят личните си констатации от едногодишната обща изследователска работа.
Герои и паметници. Локални проекции на националната памет
Author(s): Luleva, Ana
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Memorials, Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory, Post-1989
Abstract: The paper focuses on the construction of local cultural memory in the period of post-socialism and gives an account of how the heroes’ pantheon of a given city has been rearranged since 1989. The change reflects the new political (and social) lives of the heroes, as well as the work of memory and the pursuit of political legitimacy through the past and its heroes. It is in the construction of local memory and identity that the nature of locality as a symbolic representation of the national is revealed, and in the case of the commemorations of Dimitar Peshev as the savior of the Bulgarian Jews – also as a manifestation of the global culture of Holocaust memory.The social and political frameworks shaping the new culture of memory have changed in the years of post-socialist transformations. What seems indisputable for the time being is that the memory of the recent past is not a field of consensus. Society is divided into mnemonic groups and the competition among them to endorse their own historical version is irreconcilable. Therefore, the attempts for public rehabilitation, institutionalization, and re-claiming of the lost positions of the symbols and the heroes do not subside.
Поколeнчeски идeнтификации в контeкста на новата eврeйска идeнтичност в България слeд 1989 година
Translated Title: The New Jewish Identity in Bulgaria after 1989 – Generation’s Identifications
Author(s): Dadova, Julina
Date: 2007
Topics: Jewish Identity, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Post-1989
Abstract: The text examines the formation of new Jewish identity in Bulgaria during the period of transition after 1989. It explores the dynamic concept of collective identity, studying on the one hand the institutional environment that is a set for development of new identity. On the other hand, apart from the sociological aspects, the analysis includes hermeneutical facets in the form of retrospective reevaluation of individual lives, collective memory difficulties, narrative constructions of the biographic discourse and its relations to the identity as well as the communication between the generations. The article produces generational rhetoric, which occurs in a public Jewish life as a key for the understanding of phenomena of the new Jewish identity as an ideological construct. In this respect, the concept of new Jewish identity is presented as a complex structure that demands understanding both the social milieu and the typology of the experience of the Jewish belonging (taking into account different individuals, different social groups and ages). That is how the research is aimed at displaying the dialectics between people’s own life, the community life, their historical zigzags and institutional manifestations. Thus the new Jewish identity is presented both as a official religious and historical narrative, transmitted trough ideological channels by the new Jewish organizations and a function in a specific Bulgarian-Jewish context, in which generation groups with a different life perspective come acros
Спасяването на българските евреи – между митовете и реалността
Translated Title: The Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews: Between the Myths and the Reality
Author(s): Dadova-Mihailova, Yulina
Date: 2011
Topics: Jewish Community, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory
Abstract: The saving of 50,000 Bulgarian Jews from the death camps during the Second World War is one of Bulgarian modern history events, which became a source of national pride and which generated moral capital. It has been used to present the country before the world ever since the end of the war. At the same time, it has proved to be one of the most manipulated facts, which seems to be a hostage to different ideological and political interpretations. By completely ignoring or, conversely, strongly emphasizing one aspect of the historical truth at the expense of another, both during the communist times and the transitional period to democracy since 1989, it blurred the concept of the real significance of this event and turned it into a myth and a cliché. The author of this paper follows the chronicle of the debate on this issue during the period of democratization after 1989 and tries to answer the question how the changes towards democracy influenced the attempts to rewriting Bulgarian history. Also taken into account is the fact that The Rescue had a fundamental impact on the identity of the Bulgarian Jews. This conclusion is important for two reasons. First, because turning a deaf ear to the voices of the rescued in the discussions about their own experiences during the war turned out to be an essential part of the problem about the absence of a real public debate, in which the key questions dealt with tolerance and recognition of other ethic groups.. Second, the political and ideological confrontation concerning The Rescue issue found place within the Jewish community itself. This conclusion is important in order to understand how the collective memory of the Bulgarian Jews at present is being formed in terms of its own Jewish community context as well as in a specific Bulgarian-Jewish setting.
Антисемитските: Прояви В България 2009-2010
Translated Title: Antiemitism: Manifestations In Bulgaria 2009-2010
Date: 2011
Topics: Antisemitism: Monitoring, Main Topic: Antisemitism
„Спасението на българските евреи“ – 70 години война на интерпретациите
Translated Title: „Saving the Bulgarian Jews“: a 70 Years War of Interpretations
Author(s): Йотов, Стилиян
Date: 2013
Topics: Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial
Калейдоскоп на идентичности. Лични истории на сефарадски евреи в България за езика Ладино
Translated Title: kaleidoscope of identities. Personal stories of Sephardic Jews in Bulgaria about the Ladino language
Author(s): Давчева, Леа
Date: 2021
Topics: Ladino and Haketia, Main Topic: Other, Oral History and Biography, Sephardi Jews, Interviews
Abstract: Лични истории на сефарадски евреи в България за езика ладино

Завъртайки динамичните цветни късчета от живота на 14 сефарадски евреи в България, книгата „Калейдоскоп на идентичности“ гради красивата сила на многоезичието.

Разговорът неусетно кривна и пое към сефардимите в България и техния наследствен език ладино. Още преди просеката изникна идеята за ново проучване – поглед към ролите и мястото на ладино в живота на сефарадските евреи в България.

Първо събрах житейските истории на онези от тях, които знаят и ползват този език. Стъпка по стъпка, проправях своя изследователски път. Към мен се присъединяваха хора, от които черпех вдъхновение и знания. И неусетно в процеса на работа се появи ново усещане – сефарадско.

То изникна от съприкосновението ми с разказвачите и техните истории, от съпреживяването на разказаните ладински епизоди от живота им, от съживяването на случки от моя живот и придаването на нови значения на някои от тях.

д-р Леа Давчева
Охрана, Сохранение И Социализация Культурно-исторического Наследия Евреев В Болгарии: Актуальное Состояние И Проблемы
Translated Title: Preservation, Conservation and Socialization of Cultural Heritage of Bulgarian Jews: Current Status and Problems
Author(s): Жоржета, Назърска
Date: 2015
Topics: Jewish Heritage, Jewish Organisations, Main Topic: Culture and Heritage
Abstract: В докладе анализируется актуальное состояние и проблемы культурноисторического наследия евреев в Болгарии и содержится оценка общественной политики в области ее охраны, сохранения и социализации в 90-е годы ХХ века и в начале ХХІ века.
Living Intercultural Lives: Identity Performance and Zones of Interculturality
Author(s): Davcheva, Leah; Fay, Richard
Editor(s): Dervin, Fred; Gross, Zehavit
Date: 2016
Topics: Diaspora, Ladino and Haketia, Language, Main Topic: Other, Narrative, Interviews
Abstract: Much research on intercultural competence (IC) focuses on relatively recent human history, on a transnational era when, for many, especially in the economically privileged parts of the world, the possibilities for intercultural interactions have rapidly increased as physical and virtual mobility opportunities have also increased through processes such as globalization, tourism, economic migration and international education. Such research has also tended to focus on the modernist project, which developed essentially mono-ethnic, mono-cultural, and even mono-linguistic constructions of society, and inherent nationally framed understandings of cultures. Our work on IC has a different starting point. Using the narratives of often elderly Sephardic Jews living in Bulgaria, we reach back almost a century in order to trace the intra-, inter-, and transcultural activities that this diasporic community have engaged in, and continue to engage in, within and beyond their home society, interactions enabled by their multilingualism and especially their main language of cultural affiliation, Ladino. Based on our exploration of their stories, we have developed a new, data-grounded conceptualization of IC as a dynamic process of performing intra-/inter-/transcultural identities in zones of interculturality. Understood in this way, IC manifests itself as work ceaselessly in progress, as unfinished and evolving identity performance. Our research participants constantly experiment with and extend the language and relational resources they have. Whether it is when they seek interactional opportunities or when they respond to changing social circumstances, they play with the languages they have to achieve what they want to achieve and get on with their lives.
The Role of Institutional Capacity for the Holocaust Remembrance: the Bulgarian Case
Author(s): Taneva, Albena
Date: 2021
Topics: Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory
Abstract: The article examines the concept of memory policies in different perspectives. A central category of
analysis is Holocaust remembrance policies and the role of the institutional approach for achieving
sustainable results and developing values in the social environment. The reasons for the deficits in
the memory of the Holocaust, the periodization in the stories about the Holocaust in Bulgaria and
the importance of the factors of the political environment for the dynamics in the interpretations of
the past are analyzed. The importance of reflection on the historical past, and in particular that of
the Holocaust is considered in regard to the social and generational transfer of memory and
attitudes
Perceptions of the Rescue of the Jews and the Holocaust in Bulgaria Today
Author(s): Cohen, Lea
Date: 2021
Topics: Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory
Abstract: Over the last 20 years the perception of the Holocaust in Bulgarian society, including by various
historians, is perhaps one of the most complex subjects in the national public space, and even
beyond. The lack of consensus regarding the assessment and perception, as well as in the
presentation and interpretation of historical facts, i.e. of the stories about what happened and what
did NOT happen, prevents a structured history of the events from 1940 to 1944 in the Kingdom of
Bulgaria. In various versions, that are often diametrically opposed, the persecution of Jews is
presented using a hybrid mixture of facts from Bulgarian history of the same period (political,
military, economic relations with Germany and Italy, the partisan resistance movement and
relations with Soviet Russia, the specifics of political parties and political life in Bulgaria, actions
of the Royal Palace and the Parliament), which either have nothing to do with the so-called ‘Jewish
question’ or are only indirectly related to it. False theories of the ‘salvation of the Jews’ continue to
be fabricated from this hybrid mixture of facts into an amalgam, which has many followers who
believe these historical legends and myths over the past two decades.

In this article I will look at some of these recent theories and discuss the reasons for their spread
and, possible motives for the persistent desire within certain circles to impose on society these
“alternate” interpretations of the salvation of the Jews.
Judenspanisch in Bulgarien: Eine Diasporasprache zwischen Archaismus und Innovation
Author(s): Gabriel, Cristoph; Fischer, Susann; Kireva, Elena
Editor(s): Bischoff, Doerte; Gabriel, Cristoph; Kilchmann, Esther
Date: 2014
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Interviews, Linguistics, Language, Ladino
Fifth Survey of European Jewish Community Leaders and Professionals, 2021
Author(s): Dimentstein, Marcelo
Date: 2021
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Jewish Community, Coronavirus/Covid, Antisemitism, Israel Attachment, Fundraising and Philanthropy, Jewish Organisations, Security / Insecurity, Surveys
Abstract: The Fifth Survey of European Jewish Community Leaders and Professionals, 2021 presents the results of an online survey offered in 10 languages and administered to 1054 respondents in 31 countries. Conducted every three years using the same format, the survey seeks to identify trends and their evolution in time.

Even if European Jewish leaders and community professionals rank antisemitism and combatting it among their first concerns and priorities, they are similarly committed to expanding Jewish communities and fostering future sustainability by engaging more young people and unaffiliated Jews.

The survey covers a wide variety of topics including the toll of COVID-19 on European Jewish communities and a widening generational gap around pivotal issues. Conducted every three years since 2008, the study is part of JDC’s wider work in Europe, which includes its partnerships with local Jewish communities and programs aiding needy Jews, fostering Jewish life and leaders, resilience training.

The respondents were comprised of presidents and chairpersons of nationwide “umbrella organizations” or Federations; presidents and executive directors of private Jewish foundations, charities, and other privately funded initiatives; presidents and main representatives of Jewish communities that are organized at a city level; executive directors and programme coordinators, as well as current and former board members of Jewish organizations; among others.

The JDC International Centre for Community Development established the survey as a means to identify the priorities, sensibilities and concerns of Europe’s top Jewish leaders and professionals working in Jewish institutions, taking into account the changes that European Jewry has gone through since 1989, and the current political challenges and uncertainties in the continent. In a landscape with few mechanisms that can truly gauge these phenomena, the European Jewish Community Leaders Survey is an essential tool for analysis and applied research in the field of community development.
What We Talk About When We (Do not) Talk about the Holocaust in Bulgaria
Author(s): Ragaru, Nadège
Date: 2021
Topics: Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory
Abstract: This contribution explores the history of the politics of Holocaust memory in Bulgaria. During World War II, Bulgaria refused to deport its Jewish community. Until recently, the image of Bulgaria as a European exception prevailed – though at a cost: this narrative omitted the almost total roundup of Jews in the Yugoslav and Greek territories under Bulgarian occupation between 1941 and 1944 and their deportation to Nazi-occupied Poland where they were exterminated. How does one explain a complex past, a single facet, namely the non-deportation of the Bulgarian Jews? The “rescue” narrative has become the primary avenue of narrating the history of World War II in Bulgaria. This article traces the legal, political and cultural arenas, as well as the multiple local, regional and international spaces where these narratives of the past were formed. The author shows how Jewish wartime destinies became “satellized” around a broad range of topics and cleavages. Moreover, the contribution seeks to bring Jews back into the writing and transmission of these historical events.
Islamophobia and Antisemitism in the Balkans
Author(s): Hoare, Marko Attila
Editor(s): Renton, James; Gidley, Ben
Date: 2017
Topics: Antisemitism, Islamophobia, Jewish - Muslim Relations, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitism and Islamophobia are two phenomena that have seemingly been growing in parallel across the globe in the period since the 9/11 attacks in 2001. As discussed in other chapters of this book, the question of whether they are essentially similar to one another or fundamentally different is highly controversial. This chapter will examine the question from the perspective of the Balkans. There, violence and chauvinism against Jews and against Muslims have frequently gone hand in hand, but have also diverged at times from one another. The relationship of state policy and nationalist ideology towards Muslims and Jews has been shaped by a common framework, but varied according to political circumstances
Travelogue—Contemporary Understandings of Citizenship among European Jews
Author(s): Barth, Theodor
Date: 2010
Topics: Ethnography, Jewish Heritage, Jewish Community, Jewish Identity, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Conflict, Care and Welfare
Abstract: Travelogue – On the Contemporary Understandings of Citizenship among European Jews – title and subject of Theodor Barth’s thesis – encompasses six books with ethnography based on a multi-sited fieldwork, in Central- & Eastern European Jewish communities.


The books are concerned with aspects of their own conditions of production, from fieldwork research to writing, alongside the ethnographic subject of the Travelogue: the conditions of Jewish communities (mainly in cities of Central and Eastern Europe) in the last half of the 1990s (1995-99).

The books root the model experiments developed throughout the Travelogue in different ethnographic contexts.

Book 1 (Spanning the Fringes – Vagrancy to Prague) is a traveller’s tale with quite contingent, serendipitous, and very short-term trips to sample Jewish life in St. Petersburg, Vilnius, Warsaw, Kiev, Bucharest, Sofia, and Budapest.

Book 2 (The Minutes of the ECJC) is a commentary and analysis around a conference which the candidate attended in Prague in 1995 of the European Council of Jewish Communities (ECJC). It focuses on the political work and changing strategies of the ECJC. This book establishes some of the terms of the problems of community-Jews in Europe.

Book 3 (The Zagreb Almanach) is a description and analysis of the candidate’s stay with the Jewish community of Zagreb, focusing on a place, a green room, the community centre itself—this is the closest to a traditional site of community living in his ethnographic research.

Book 4 (The Books of Zagreb and Sarajevo) provides a contemporary and contextualized reading of a key Jewish ritual complex—the Passover Seder and its text, the Haggadah. This is a cultural object for systematic iteration and commentary, on which to articulate in depth a number of his insights gained more diffusely from observation. Among all the books, book 4 is the one intensive piece in which the textual analysis defines a process through which the candidate intends to sensitise the reader to how pattern can emerge from details.

Book 5 (Thirteen Kisses—a Manual of Survival From Sarajevo) relates a testimonial account of how the activist group La Benevolencija functioned in Sarajevo humanitarian relief during the Bosnian War of 1992-95. The candidate hopes to demonstrate a slow transition from wartime testimonials in the presence of an anthropologist, to recognition in the urban commonwealth in the aftermath of the war. He also invites the reader to consider the particularities of survivor testimonies and contrast these to how the war-zone was perceived from the outside.

Book 6 (The Account of the Lifeline) provides an understanding of a search and accountability model developed by La Benevolencija—in co-operation with the Joint—during the war in Bosnia (1992-95). It consolidates and expands the account of the Jews in Sarajevo and their humanitarian actions, through the candidate’s work on archives of the Joint (American Joint Distribution Committee) in Paris.

The six books of the Travelogue are rounded up in three concluding sections, containing 1) a synopsis of the findings across the books (Frames – Modeling Disordered Systems), 2) an account for the process of visual modeling throughout the books (Design – Choices and Aggregates), 3) a bibliographic presentation in which various sources influenced the conceptual choices and experiments that are made throughout the manuscript are discussed (Bibliography: Reflective Readings). In this way, the candidate hopes to retrace his steps from the findings, via the crafting of the volume back to the ranks of colleagues and readers.
The Jewish Community in Post-Communist Bulgaria: State Policy and Community Evolution
Author(s): Christidis, Yorgos
Editor(s): Sujecka, Jolanta
Date: 2020
Topics: Jewish Community, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Post-1989, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations, Politics, Policy
Tales of Ladino: Sephardic Jews in Bulgaria speak about their heritage language
Author(s): Davcheva, Leah; Fay, Richard
Date: 2014
Topics: Ladino, Language, Main Topic: Other, Sephardi Jews
Jak odškodnit holocaust? - Problematika vyvlastnění židovského majetku, jeho restituce a odškodnění
Translated Title: How to compensate for the Holocaust? - The issue of expropriation of Jewish property, its restitution and compensation
Author(s): Kuklik, Jan
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Survivors, Law, Restitution and Reparations, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial
Abstract: Rozsáhlá monografie odborníků z pražské právnické fakulty pod vedením Jana Kuklíka a Reného Petráše se věnuje problému majetkových ztrát židovského obyvatelstva za druhé světové války a různým metodám odškodnění. Publikace má široký historický a komparativní záběr, obsahuje podrobnou analýzu právních aspektů a zabývá se i dodnes nedořešenými otázkami. Nejpodrobněji je v knize zastoupeno území bývalého Československa, ale pozornost je věnována i vývoji v dalších státech: Německu, Rakousku, Polsku, ale také v zemích s velmi odlišnou situací, jako jsou Velká Británie, Bulharsko či Švýcarsko. Výklad u jednotlivých států obvykle zahrnuje nástin vývoje postavení Židů v daném regionu v posledních desetiletích před holocaustem, jsou však naznačeny i starší, středověké tradice. Jádrem práce je zachycení často až pozoruhodně různorodých metod záborů židovského majetku zejména v době druhé světové války a jeho restitucí nebo různých odškodňovacích akcí, které probíhají až do současnosti.
Jews in Europe at the turn of the Millennium: Population trends and estimates
Author(s): DellaPergola, Sergio; Staetsky, L. Daniel
Date: 2020
Topics: Demography, Main Topic: Demography and Migration, European Union, Aliyah, Emigration, Immigration, Israeli Expatriates, Intermarriage
Abstract: This detailed and thorough report is rapidly becoming the ‘must-read’ study on European Jews, taking the reader on an extraordinary journey through one thousand years of European Jewish history before arriving at the most comprehensive analysis of European Jewish demography today.

Written by leading Jewish demographers Professor Sergio DellaPergola and Dr Daniel Staetsky, the Chair and Director of JPR’s European Jewish Demography Unit respectively, it explores how the European Jewish population has ebbed and flowed over time. It begins as far back as the twelfth century, travelling through many years of population stability, until the tremendous growth of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, followed by the dramatic decline prompted by a combination of mass migration and the horrors of the Shoah. Extraordinarily, after all this time, the proportion of world Jewry living in Europe today is almost identical to the proportion living in Europe 900 years ago.

Using multiple definitions of Jewishness and a vast array of sources to determine the size of the contemporary population, the study proceeds to measure it in multiple ways, looking at the major blocs of the European Union and the European countries of the Former Soviet Union, as well as providing country-by-country analyses, ranging from major centres such as France, the UK, Germany and Hungary, to tiny territories such as Gibraltar, Monaco and even the Holy See.

The report also contains the most up-to-date analysis we have on the key mechanisms of demographic change in Europe, touching variously on patterns of migration in and out of Europe, fertility, intermarriage, conversion and age compositions. While the report itself is a fascinating and important read, the underlying data are essential tools for the JPR team to utilise as it supports Jewish organisations across the continent to plan for the future.
Antisemitism: Overview of data available in the European Union 2008-2018
Date: 2019
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitism can be expressed in the form of verbal and physical attacks, threats, harassment, discrimination and unequal treatment, property damage and graffiti or other forms of speech or text, including on the internet. Antisemitic incidents and hate crime violate fundamental rights, especially the right to human dignity, the right to equality of treatment and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

The present report provides an overview of data on antisemitism as recorded by international organisations and by official and unofficial sources in the 28 European Union (EU) Member States, based on their own definitions and categorisations. ‘Official data’ are understood here as those collected by law enforcement agencies, other authorities that are part of criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at the national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations.

This is the 15th edition of FRA’s report on the situation of data collection on antisemitism in the EU (including reports published by FRA’s predecessor, the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia).
Anti-semitism and the treatment of the Holocaust in postcommunist Eastern Europe
Editor(s): Braham, Randolph L.
Date: 1994
Topics: Antisemitism, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust, Holocaust Memorials, Memory, Nationalism, Post-1989
Abstract: A collection of papers based on lectures offered under the auspices of the Rosenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies during the 1992 academic year. Contributors evaluate the reassertion of xenophobic nationalism and the rise of antisemitism in postcommunist East Central European countries such as Romania, Slovakia, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Hungary. Topics include treatment of the Holocaust in textbooks, the communist legacy, and Jews and Christians under communism
Reconstructing Jewish Communities and Jewish Identities in PostCommunist East Central Europe
Author(s): Gitelman, Zvi
Editor(s): Kovács, András; Andor, Eszter
Date: 2000
Topics: Jewish Revival, Jewish Renewal, Post-1989, Main Topic: Identity and Community, Jewish Identity, Jewish Community
Sephardic and Oriental Oral Testimonies: Their Importance for Holocaust Commemoration and Memory
Author(s): Kerem, Yitzchak
Editor(s): Roth, John K.; Maxwell, Elizabeth; Levy, Margot; Whitworth, Wendy
Date: 2001
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Survivors, Oral History and Biography, Sephardi Jews
Abstract: In the absence of documentation, oral testimonies of Sephardic and Oriental Holocaust survivors serve as important sources for remembering and learning about the Holocaust in the Balkans, North Africa, and Iraq during World War II. Furthermore, the published testimonies are an additional way of including Sephardic and Oriental Jewry in the Holocaust historiography, which has largely ignored the non-Ashkenazic Jews who suffered in the Holocaust in the death camps, in hiding, or during their escape from their home countries. Since Holocaust museum exhibitions have often failed to represent Sephardic Jewry as Holocaust victims, Sephardi oral testimonies are educational tools and vehicles for raising public awareness about the theme.
Perceptions of antisemitism
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Antisemitism, Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Surveys, European Union
Abstract: Summary:

This Special Eurobarometer survey on 'perceptions of antisemitism' was carried out in December 2018 and presents a snapshot of the way European perceive antisemitism.

Further information:

The Report shows that perceptions among Europeans on this issue are very divided - while every other European considers Antisemitism to be a problem in their country, 4 in 10 Europeans actually do not consider it to be an issue in their country. The results also show that there is a perception gap on Antisemitism: while 89% of Jews say that Antisemitism significantly increased over a period of 5 years, only 36% of the general public consider it has indeed increased.
Holocaust Remembrance Project: How European Countries Treat Their Wartime Past
Author(s): Echikson, William
Date: 2019
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Commemoration, Holocaust Denial, Holocaust Education, Memory, Nationalism, Restitution and Reparations, Antisemitism
Abstract: This first-ever report rating individual European Union countries on how they face up their Holocaust pasts was published on January 25, 2019 to coincide with UN Holocaust Remembrance Day. Researchers from Yale and Grinnell Colleges travelled throughout Europe to conduct the research. Representatives from the European Union of Progressive Judaism (EUPJ) have endorsed their work.


Key Findings:

●Many European Union governments are rehabilitating World War II collaborators and war criminals while minimising their own guilt in the attempted extermination of Jews.
●Revisionism is worst in new Central European members - Poland, Hungary, Croatia and Lithuania.
●But not all Central Europeans are moving in the wrong direction: two exemplary countries living up to their tragic histories are the Czech Republic and Romania. The Romanian model of appointing an independent commission to study the Holocaust should be duplicated.
●West European countries are not free from infection - Italy, in particular, needs to improve.
●In the west, Austria has made a remarkable turn-around while France stands out for its progress in accepting responsibility for the Vichy collaborationist government.
●Instead of protesting revisionist excesses, Israel supports many of the nationalist and revisionist governments.
Nationalization through Internationalization. Writing, Remembering, and Commemorating the Holocaust in Macedonia and Bulgaria after 1989
Author(s): Ragaru, Nadège
Date: 2017
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Holocaust Commemoration, European Union
Abstract: The author analyses the scholarship, remembrance, and commemoration of the Holocaust in Macedonia and Bulgaria after 1989. She re-examines interpretive schisms between former communists and anticommunists, explores changes in one of the major lieux de mémoire in Bulgaria, the ‘rescue’ of its Jews, and juxtaposes it to the killing of those Jews who lived in Bulgarian-occupied territories. She contextualizes the Bulgarian-Macedonian controversies within European and global frameworks, looking at the process of the institutionalization of Holocaust remembrance in the two countries. She then considers the role of international Jewish communities and the effects of a European Union that since the enlargement of 2007 has been moulding a ‘European’ commemorative landscape from fear of yet another East-West divide. In her conclusion the author outlines an agenda for a transnational social history of anti-Jewish policies and persecutions, and looks at who might be its major actors in Bulgaria and Macedonia.
The Limmud Impact Study: Exploring volunteers’ Jewish journeys
Author(s): Kahn-Harris, Keith
Date: 2018
Topics: Main Topic: Other, Surveys, Focus Groups, Limmud, Jewish Organisations, Evaluation, Volunteering, Jewish Education
Abstract: The Limmud Impact Study looks at how successful Limmud has been in taking people ‘one step further on their Jewish journeys’, what these journeys consist of and their wider impact on Jewish communities.

The study focuses on Limmud volunteers and draws on a survey of ten Limmud volunteer communities in eight countries - UK, USA, South Africa, Bulgaria, Hungary, Germany, Israel and Argentina - together with focus groups conducted with Limmud volunteers from around the world.

The findings provide clear evidence that Limmud advances the majority of its volunteers on their Jewish journeys, and for a significant proportion it takes them ‘further’ towards greater interest in and commitment to Jewish life.

Limmud’s principle impact on its volunteers lies in making new friends and contacts, encountering different kinds of Jews and enhancing a sense of connection to the Jewish people. For many Limmud volunteers, their experience has increased their Jewish
knowledge, their leadership skills and their involvement in the wider Jewish community. Involvement in Limmud therefore enhances both the desire to take further steps on their Jewish journeys, and the tools for doing so.

Limmud impacts equally on Jews regardless of denominationand religious practice. The younger the volunteers and the less committed they are when they begin their Limmud journeys, the further Limmud takes them. Those with more senior levels of involvement in Limmud report higher levels of impact on their Jewish journeys than other volunteers, as do those who had received a subsidy or training from Limmud.

Limmud volunteers often have difficult experiences and risk burnout and
exhaustion. While volunteers generally view the gains as worth the cost, Limmud
needs to pay attention to this issue and provide further support.
Values and Religious Identification among Affiliated Jews in Eastern Europe
Author(s): Cohen, Erik H.; Kovács, András
Date: 2013
Topics: Main Topic: Identity and Community, Surveys, Statistics, Values, Jewish Community
Abstract: This article analyzes data on the values of adults affiliated with the
Jewish community in Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia, Poland and Romania.
There was wide agreement among the populations’ value prioritization,
but they are not monolithic. Overall, family-related values were more
important than materialistic values. Those in Romania were the most
religious, those in Hungary the least so.

A graphic portrayal of the data is presented and interpreted, guided
by the Schwartz axiological typology. Sub-populations by home country
and age group are compared in the context of this model. The older
cohort tends towards Family-related values, while the younger cohort
tends towards values of Hedonism and Stimulation. The placement of
the national sub-groups illustrates their relative emphasis on materialist
values versus post-materialist values of self-enhancement, which reflects
the degree of democratization of the countries and the socio-economic
level of the Jewish communities.
Antisemitism: Overview of data available in the European Union 2006-2016
Date: 2017
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitism can be expressed in the form of verbal and physical attacks, threats, harassment, property damage and graffiti or other forms of speech or text, including on the internet. Antisemitic incidents and hate crime violate fundamental rights, including the right to human dignity, the right to equality of treatment and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

This annual overview compiles the available evidence on antisemitic incidents collected by governmental and non-governmental sources, covering the period 1 January 2006– 31 December 2016, where data are available. In addition, it includes a section that presents evidence from international organisations. No official data on reported antisemitic incidents in 2016 were available for 11 Member States by the time this report was compiled in September 2017.

‘Official data’ are understood here as those collected by law enforcement agencies, other authorities that are part of criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at the national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations.
Overview of Immovable Property Restitution/Compensation Regime - Bulgaria (As of 13 December 2016)
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Survivors, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Restitution and Reparations, Holocaust
Abstract: The Holocaust (Shoah) Immovable Property Restitution Study is the first-ever comprehensive
compilation of all significant legislation passed since 1945 by the 47 states that participated in
the 2009 Prague Holocaust Era Assets Conference and endorsed the 2009 Terezin Declaration
that came out of the Prague conference.

The Terezin Declaration (and its companion document, the 2010 Guidelines and Best Practices,
endorsed by 43 countries) focuses in substantial part on the treatment of immovable (real)
property restitution: private, communal, and heirless property. The Study examined private,
communal, and heirless property as discrete components of each country’s restitution efforts
from 1944 to 2016.

Bulgaria endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in
2010.
As part of the European Shoah Legacy Institute’s Immovable Property Restitution Study, a
Questionnaire covering past and present restitution regimes for private, communal and heirless
property was sent to all 47 Terezin Declaration governments in 2015. As of 13 December 2016,
no response from Bulgaria has been received.
Holocaust (Shoah) Immovable Property Restitution Study
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Survivors, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Restitution and Reparations
Abstract: The Holocaust (Shoah) Immovable Property Restitution Study is the first-ever comprehensive
compilation of all significant legislation passed since 1945 by the 47 states that participated in
the 2009 Prague Holocaust Era Assets Conference and endorsed the 2009 Terezin Declaration
that came out of the Prague conference.

The Terezin Declaration (and its companion document, the 2010 Guidelines and Best Practices,
endorsed by 43 countries) focuses in substantial part on the treatment of immovable (real)
property restitution: private, communal, and heirless property. The Study examined private,
communal, and heirless property as discrete components of each country’s restitution efforts
from 1944 to 2016.
Guidelines for Acknowledging and Monitoring Antisemitism On- and Offline
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Discourse, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: In these guidelines, we look at the origins of the word 'antisemitism' and examine other terms and working definitions. We also give concrete examples of antisemitism, and compare criticism of Israel with antisemitic criticism of Israel and look at where the line should be drawn. The publication also contains useful annexes on current manifestations of antisemitism in Europe (2013-2015) and antisemitic incidents in European countries during 2014.
Antisemitism: Overview of data available in the European Union 2004–2014
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitism can be expressed in the form of verbal and physical attacks, threats, harassment, property damage, graffiti or other forms of text, including on the internet. This report relates to manifestations of antisemitism as they are recorded by official and unofficial sources in the 28 European Union (EU) Member States.

‘Official data’ is understood here as that collected by law enforcement agencies, criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at the national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations.

This report compiles available data on antisemitic incidents collected by international, governmental and non-governmental sources, covering the period 1 January 2004– 31 December 2014, where data are available. No official data on reported antisemitic incidents were available for seven Member States at the time this report was compiled: Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta and Portugal.
Survey Results: General Assembly Budapest 2004
Date: 2004
Topics: Jewish Organisations, Jewish Community, Jewish Identity, Surveys, Jewish Leadership, Antisemitism, Affiliation and Belonging, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract: This survey was given to participants in the 3rd General Assembly of European Jewry, which was held in Budapest in May 2004. Participants were asked how many Jews participate in community programs in their respective cities; the programs and activities their Jewish community offers; and how they believe their community could be more effective in attracting more members.
The Camping Experience: The Impact of JDC Jewish Summer Camps on Eastern European Jews
Author(s): Cohen, Erik H.
Date: 2013
Topics: Jewish Schools, Jewish Education, Main Topic: Education, Evaluation
Abstract: A comprehensive survey conducted (2008-2009) by the JDC International Centre for Community Development (ICCD) among Jews in five Eastern European countries provided data on Jewish background and current attitudes of young adults. Based on this data, a comparison is made of young adults who are alumni of Jewish summer camps and those who did not attend summer camp as youth. Campers express stronger Jewish identity as young adults, as documented through a number of indicators related to religious practice, Jewish Peoplehood and attachment to Israel. The impact of Jewish summer camps is particularly clear among campers from weak Jewish backgrounds.
Identity à la Carte: Research on Jewish identities, participation and affiliation in five Eastern European countries
Author(s): Kovács, András; Ildiko, Barna; DellaPergola, Sergio; Kosmin, Barry
Date: 2011
Topics: Affiliation and Belonging, Antisemitism, Intermarriage, Israel Attachment, Surveys, Jewish Identity, Religious Observance and Practice, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract:

This report describes the process and results of a research study on Jewish identity and community participation in Central and Eastern Europe. In particular, it identifies trends among Jewish adults in Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania. This two-year and wide-reaching study, examined views on religious observance, Jewish identity, anti-Semitism, Israel, Jewish knowledge, and organizational affiliation among 1,270 Jews, ages 18-60.
Bulgaria and linguistic matters of Bulgarian Jews
Author(s): Polikar, Samy
Date: 2006
Topics: Sephardi Jews, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract: This article aims to trace the presence of Jews on Bulgarian territory since ancient times without subscribing to preconceived theses. Naturally, the issue of Jewish migration cannot be discussed without due consideration for the relations with the respective states and their peoples: Byzantium, the mediaeval Bulgarian empires, the Ottoman Empire, the post-Liberation Kingdom of Bulgaria and contemporary Bulgaria. It focuses on the historical periods which have had a direct bearing on the present state of the small Jewish community in Bulgaria today. This community has several distinctive features that are immediately obvious. In Bulgaria there are no adherents of various Israelite religious sects, even though the false messiah Sabbatai Zwi, whose followers ultimately adopted Islam, lived on Bulgarian territory. A Chabad rabbi from the US recently went to Bulgaria, but Chasidism has never had followers in Bulgaria. Despite the very high level of integration of Jews into Bulgarian society and the comparatively strong goodwill and tolerance of Bulgarians for Jews, Zionism became popular very early on and has undoubtedly been one of the factors for the emigration of around 90% of the Jews to Israel; the contemporary Jewish community in Bulgaria is increasingly bonding with the State of Israel and departing from the traditions brought from Spain.
Zones of interculturality and linguistic identity: tales of Ladino by Sephardic Jews in Bulgaria
Author(s): Fay, Richard; Davcheva, Leah
Date: 2014
Topics: Sephardi Jews, Language, Ladino, Main Topic: Other
Abstract: Ladino, the heritage language of cultural affiliation for many Sephardic Jews in Bulgaria and beyond, is often discussed in terms of language endangerment and of cultural loss for this community and humanity more widely. However, for intercultural communication specialists, especially those with a linguistic focus, the Ladino experiences of Sephardic Jews in Bulgaria, as set against the backdrop of their changing political and social realities, provide rich insights regarding the linguistic complexities of identity. Through the Ladino-framed narratives of (often elderly) members of this community, we have learned how they drew, and continue to draw, upon their diverse linguistic and cultural resources to define themselves, to articulate their various identities, and to communicate within and beyond Bulgarian society. In order to connect these insights to current discussions of interculturality, and as informed by intercultural thinking, we developed the following five-zone framework: (1) the (intra-)personal, that is a zone of internal dialogue; (2) the domestic, that is a zone for the family; (3) the local, that is a zone for the Sephardic community in Bulgaria; (4) the diasporic, that is a zone for the wider Sephardic Jewish community; and (5) the international, that is the international community of Spanish-speakers. Further, the project presented here is methodologically innovative involving: several languages (i.e. it was researched multilingually as well as focused on multilingual communities) and therefore issues of translation and representation; and the use of researcher narratives as an additional means for managing the inherent reflexivities in our work.
European Jewish Digest: July 2015
Author(s): Goldstein, Richard
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Other
Abstract: JPR’s monthly European Jewish digest provides a concise look at some of the major events impacting on Jewish life around Europe.