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Bringing the Dark Past to Light The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Europe
Editor(s): Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata
Date: 2013
Topics: Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Memory, National Identity, Antisemitism, Holocaust Memorials, Holocaust Survivors, Holocaust Commemoration, Jewish Revival, Post-1989, Communism, Jewish - Non - Jewish Relations
Abstract: Despite the Holocaust’s profound impact on the history of Eastern Europe, the communist regimes successfully repressed public discourse about and memory of this tragedy. Since the collapse of communism in 1989, however, this has changed. Not only has a wealth of archival sources become available, but there have also been oral history projects and interviews recording the testimonies of eyewitnesses who experienced the Holocaust as children and young adults. Recent political, social, and cultural developments have facilitated a more nuanced and complex understanding of the continuities and discontinuities in representations of the Holocaust. People are beginning to realize the significant role that memory of Holocaust plays in contemporary discussions of national identity in Eastern Europe. This volume of original essays explores the memory of the Holocaust and the Jewish past in postcommunist Eastern Europe. Devoting space to every postcommunist country, the essays in Bringing the Dark Past to Light explore how the memory of the “dark pasts” of Eastern European nations is being recollected and reworked. In addition, it examines how this memory shapes the collective identities and the social identity of ethnic and national minorities. Memory of the Holocaust has practical implications regarding the current development of national cultures and international relationships. Table of Contents List of Illustrations Preface and Acknowledgments Introduction John-Paul Himka and Joanna Beata Michlic 1. "Our Conscience Is Clean": Albanian Elites and the Memory of the Holocaust in Postsocialist Albania Daniel Perez 2. The Invisible Genocide: The Holocaust in Belarus Per Anders Rudling 3. Contemporary Responses to the Holocaust in Bosnia and Herzegovina Francine Friedman 4. Debating the Fate of Bulgarian Jews during World War II Joseph Benatov 5. Representations of the Holocaust and Historical Debates in Croatia since 1989 Mark Biondich 6. The Sheep of Lidice: The Holocaust and the Construction of Czech National History Michal Frankl 7. Victim of History: Perceptions of the Holocaust in Estonia Anton Weiss-Wendt 8. Holocaust Remembrance in the German Democratic Republic--and Beyond Peter Monteath 9. The Memory of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Hungary Part 1: The Politics of Holocaust Memory Paul Hanebrink Part 2: Cinematic Memory of the Holocaust Catherine Portuges 10. The Transformation of Holocaust Memory in Post-Soviet Latvia Bella Zisere 11. Conflicting Memories: The Reception of the Holocaust in Lithuania Saulius Sužied<edot>lis and Šarūnas Liekis 12. The Combined Legacies of the "Jewish Question" and the "Macedonian Question" Holly Case 13. Public Discourses on the Holocaust in Moldova: Justification, Instrumentalization, and Mourning Vladimir Solonari 14. The Memory of the Holocaust in Post-1989 Poland: Renewal--Its Accomplishments and Its Powerlessness Joanna B. Michlic and Małgorzata Melchior 15. Public Perceptions of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Romania Felicia Waldman and Mihai Chioveanu 16. The Reception of the Holocaust in Russia: Silence, Conspiracy, and Glimpses of Light Klas-Göran Karlsson 17. Between Marginalization and Instrumentalization: Holocaust Memory in Serbia since the Late 1980s Jovan Byford 18. The "Unmasterable Past"? The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Slovakia Nina Paulovičová 19. On the Periphery: Jews, Slovenes, and the Memory of the Holocaust Gregor Joseph Kranjc 20. The Reception of the Holocaust in Postcommunist Ukraine John-Paul Himka Conclusion Omer Bartov Contributors Index
Antisemitism: Overview of data available in the European Union 2006-2016
Author(s): European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Date: 2017
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitism can be expressed in the form of verbal and physical attacks, threats, harassment, property damage and graffiti or other forms of speech or text, including on the internet. Antisemitic incidents and hate crime violate fundamental rights, including the right to human dignity, the right to equality of treatment and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

This annual overview compiles the available evidence on antisemitic incidents collected by governmental and non-governmental sources, covering the period 1 January 2006– 31 December 2016, where data are available. In addition, it includes a section that presents evidence from international organisations. No official data on reported antisemitic incidents in 2016 were available for 11 Member States by the time this report was compiled in September 2017.

‘Official data’ are understood here as those collected by law enforcement agencies, other authorities that are part of criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at the national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations.
Overview of Immovable Property Restitution/Compensation Regime - Bulgaria (As of 13 December 2016)
Author(s): European Shoah Legacy Institute (ESLI)
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Survivors, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Restitution and Reparations, Holocaust
Abstract: The Holocaust (Shoah) Immovable Property Restitution Study is the first-ever comprehensive
compilation of all significant legislation passed since 1945 by the 47 states that participated in
the 2009 Prague Holocaust Era Assets Conference and endorsed the 2009 Terezin Declaration
that came out of the Prague conference.

The Terezin Declaration (and its companion document, the 2010 Guidelines and Best Practices,
endorsed by 43 countries) focuses in substantial part on the treatment of immovable (real)
property restitution: private, communal, and heirless property. The Study examined private,
communal, and heirless property as discrete components of each country’s restitution efforts
from 1944 to 2016.

Bulgaria endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in
2010.
As part of the European Shoah Legacy Institute’s Immovable Property Restitution Study, a
Questionnaire covering past and present restitution regimes for private, communal and heirless
property was sent to all 47 Terezin Declaration governments in 2015. As of 13 December 2016,
no response from Bulgaria has been received.
Holocaust (Shoah) Immovable Property Restitution Study
Author(s): European Shoah Legacy Institute (ESLI)
Date: 2017
Topics: Holocaust Survivors, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial, Restitution and Reparations
Abstract: The Holocaust (Shoah) Immovable Property Restitution Study is the first-ever comprehensive
compilation of all significant legislation passed since 1945 by the 47 states that participated in
the 2009 Prague Holocaust Era Assets Conference and endorsed the 2009 Terezin Declaration
that came out of the Prague conference.

The Terezin Declaration (and its companion document, the 2010 Guidelines and Best Practices,
endorsed by 43 countries) focuses in substantial part on the treatment of immovable (real)
property restitution: private, communal, and heirless property. The Study examined private,
communal, and heirless property as discrete components of each country’s restitution efforts
from 1944 to 2016.
Guidelines for Acknowledging and Monitoring Antisemitism On- and Offline
Author(s): CEJI
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitic discourse, Antisemitism monitoring, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: In these guidelines, we look at the origins of the word 'antisemitism' and examine other terms and working definitions. We also give concrete examples of antisemitism, and compare criticism of Israel with antisemitic criticism of Israel and look at where the line should be drawn. The publication also contains useful annexes on current manifestations of antisemitism in Europe (2013-2015) and antisemitic incidents in European countries during 2014.
Antisemitism: Overview of data available in the European Union 2004–2014
Author(s): European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Date: 2015
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Antisemitism can be expressed in the form of verbal and physical attacks, threats, harassment, property damage, graffiti or other forms of text, including on the internet. This report relates to manifestations of antisemitism as they are recorded by official and unofficial sources in the 28 European Union (EU) Member States.

‘Official data’ is understood here as that collected by law enforcement agencies, criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at the national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations.

This report compiles available data on antisemitic incidents collected by international, governmental and non-governmental sources, covering the period 1 January 2004– 31 December 2014, where data are available. No official data on reported antisemitic incidents were available for seven Member States at the time this report was compiled: Bulgaria, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Malta and Portugal.
Survey Results: General Assembly Budapest 2004
Date: 2004
Topics: Jewish Organisations, Jewish Community, Jewish Identity, Surveys, Jewish Leadership, Antisemitism, Affiliation and Belonging, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract: This survey was given to participants in the 3rd General Assembly of European Jewry, which was held in Budapest in May 2004. Participants were asked how many Jews participate in community programs in their respective cities; the programs and activities their Jewish community offers; and how they believe their community could be more effective in attracting more members.
The European Jewish Leaders and Opinion Formers Survey
Author(s): Gallup
Date: 2009
Topics: Community Development, Community Relations, Jewish Continuity, Jewish Leadership, Jewish Organisations, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract: This report presents methodology, results and analysis of an online survey of Jewish leaders (lay and professional) and other Jewish opinion formers, conducted in late 2008. Key topics include population movement and change; security and antisemitism; status issues, intermarriage and non-Orthodox conversions; denominational tensions; financial situation of Jewish communities; ties with and attitudes toward Israel; decision-making and control; vision and change; Jewish community lay and professional leadership; community causes; and major priorities. (Jewish education is the top priority, most of the leaders survey agree.) Supplementary files are an executive summary and an accompanying press release.
The Camping Experience: The Impact of JDC Jewish Summer Camps on Eastern European Jews
Author(s): Cohen, Erik H.
Date: 2013
Topics: Jewish Schools, Jewish Education, Main Topic: Education, Evaluation
Abstract: A comprehensive survey conducted (2008-2009) by the JDC International Centre for Community Development (ICCD) among Jews in five Eastern European countries provided data on Jewish background and current attitudes of young adults. Based on this data, a comparison is made of young adults who are alumni of Jewish summer camps and those who did not attend summer camp as youth. Campers express stronger Jewish identity as young adults, as documented through a number of indicators related to religious practice, Jewish Peoplehood and attachment to Israel. The impact of Jewish summer camps is particularly clear among campers from weak Jewish backgrounds.
Identity à la Carte: Research on Jewish identities, participation and affiliation in five Eastern European countries
Author(s): Kovács, András; Ildiko, Barna; DellaPergola, Sergio; Kosmin, Barry
Date: 2011
Topics: Affiliation, Antisemitism, Intermarriage, Israel Attachment, Jewish Literacy, Surveys, Jewish Identity, Religious Observance, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract:

This report describes the process and results of a research study on Jewish identity and community participation in Central and Eastern Europe. In particular, it identifies trends among Jewish adults in Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Romania. This two-year and wide-reaching study, examined views on religious observance, Jewish identity, anti-Semitism, Israel, Jewish knowledge, and organizational affiliation among 1,270 Jews, ages 18-60.
Bulgaria and linguistic matters of Bulgarian Jews
Author(s): Polikar, Samy
Date: 2006
Topics: Sephardi Jews, Main Topic: Identity and Community
Abstract: This article aims to trace the presence of Jews on Bulgarian territory since ancient times without subscribing to preconceived theses. Naturally, the issue of Jewish migration cannot be discussed without due consideration for the relations with the respective states and their peoples: Byzantium, the mediaeval Bulgarian empires, the Ottoman Empire, the post-Liberation Kingdom of Bulgaria and contemporary Bulgaria. It focuses on the historical periods which have had a direct bearing on the present state of the small Jewish community in Bulgaria today. This community has several distinctive features that are immediately obvious. In Bulgaria there are no adherents of various Israelite religious sects, even though the false messiah Sabbatai Zwi, whose followers ultimately adopted Islam, lived on Bulgarian territory. A Chabad rabbi from the US recently went to Bulgaria, but Chasidism has never had followers in Bulgaria. Despite the very high level of integration of Jews into Bulgarian society and the comparatively strong goodwill and tolerance of Bulgarians for Jews, Zionism became popular very early on and has undoubtedly been one of the factors for the emigration of around 90% of the Jews to Israel; the contemporary Jewish community in Bulgaria is increasingly bonding with the State of Israel and departing from the traditions brought from Spain.
Zones of interculturality and linguistic identity: tales of Ladino by Sephardic Jews in Bulgaria
Author(s): Fay, Richard; Davcheva, Leah
Date: 2014
Topics: Sephardi Jews, Language, Ladino, Main Topic: Other
Abstract: Ladino, the heritage language of cultural affiliation for many Sephardic Jews in Bulgaria and beyond, is often discussed in terms of language endangerment and of cultural loss for this community and humanity more widely. However, for intercultural communication specialists, especially those with a linguistic focus, the Ladino experiences of Sephardic Jews in Bulgaria, as set against the backdrop of their changing political and social realities, provide rich insights regarding the linguistic complexities of identity. Through the Ladino-framed narratives of (often elderly) members of this community, we have learned how they drew, and continue to draw, upon their diverse linguistic and cultural resources to define themselves, to articulate their various identities, and to communicate within and beyond Bulgarian society. In order to connect these insights to current discussions of interculturality, and as informed by intercultural thinking, we developed the following five-zone framework: (1) the (intra-)personal, that is a zone of internal dialogue; (2) the domestic, that is a zone for the family; (3) the local, that is a zone for the Sephardic community in Bulgaria; (4) the diasporic, that is a zone for the wider Sephardic Jewish community; and (5) the international, that is the international community of Spanish-speakers. Further, the project presented here is methodologically innovative involving: several languages (i.e. it was researched multilingually as well as focused on multilingual communities) and therefore issues of translation and representation; and the use of researcher narratives as an additional means for managing the inherent reflexivities in our work.
European Jewish Digest: July 2015
Author(s): Goldstein, Richard
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Other
Abstract: JPR’s monthly European Jewish digest provides a concise look at some of the major events impacting on Jewish life around Europe.
European Jewish Digest: June 2015
Author(s): Goldstein, Richard
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Other
Abstract: JPR’s monthly European Jewish digest provides a concise look at some of the major events impacting on Jewish life around Europe.
Сценичност и музикална продукция като аспект на еврейската идентичност в България след 1989 г.
Translated Title: Stage Character and Musical Production as an Aspect of the Jewish Identity in Bulgaria in the Wake of 1989
Author(s): Дадова, Юлина
Date: 2009
Topics: Jewish Culture, Jewish Revival, Sephardi Jews, Jewish music, Theatre, Main Topic: Culture and Heritage
Abstract: The subject of the article has been the evolution of stage performances and musical production as a mechanism of showing Jewish identity in Bulgaria in the wake of 1989. The text points out how the working out and presentation of cultural products through stage performance and amateur artistic activities turn into a way of shaping new models of Jewish identity in the wake of 1989 (construed as an element of a newly established “fabricated” tradition in the view of Eric Hobsbawm, in a period when classical folklore is losing its positions in everyday culture). The article focuses on the shows of several Jewish vocal and dancing formations, choir ensembles and soloists, who through their repertories enforce new folklore models as part of the creation of the new collective image of Bulgarian Jewry during the past 15-20 years. Two major components have been taken into consideration exerting the strongest impact on the artistic models: on the one hand, the historical relationship of the Bulgarian Jews with the Sephardic cultural tradition and, on the other, the Israeli culture penetrating along most diverse formal and informal channels. The paper raises the question about the relationship between the presentation of this culture and its consumption; between its creation and recreation in response to the changing post-modern society. Commentaries have also been offered as to how this situation contributes to the formation of the collective Jewish identity, giving precedence to the ethnic.
European Jewish Digest: March 2015
Author(s): Goldstein, Richard
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Other
Abstract: JPR’s monthly European Jewish digest provides a concise look at some of the major events impacting on Jewish life around Europe.
Antisemitism: Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001-2011
Author(s): European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Date: 2012
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: This working paper is the eighth update of the European Union Agency for
Fundamental Rights (FRA) overview of Manifestations of antisemitism in the EU.

It outlines the broad contours of antisemitism in the European Union (EU).
The update assembles statistical data covering the period 1 January 2001–31
December 2011 (where available) on antisemitic incidents collected by
international, governmental and non-governmental sources. Notable antisemitic
incidents that occurred in 2011 are highlighted throughout the update to reveal
the reality behind the figures. No data were available for Estonia, Luxembourg
(where no data are collected), Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia
at the time this working paper was compiled.
Antisemitism: Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001-2010
Author(s): European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Date: 2011
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: This report is the 7th update of the report Manifestations of antisemitism in
the EU published in 2004 by the predecessor of the Fundamental Rights
Agency of the European Union (FRA), the European Union Monitoring
Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. It contains the latest available
governmental and non-governmental statistical data covering the years
2001 to 2009, and, in addition, selected incidents identified through nongovernmental
organisations (NGOs) and media reports.
Antisemitism: Overview of data available in the European Union 2005-2015
Author(s): European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA)
Date: 2016
Topics: Antisemitism, Antisemitism: Monitoring, Hate crime, Law, Government, European Union, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: ‘Official data’ are understood here as those collected by law enforcement agencies, authorities that are part of criminal justice systems and relevant state ministries at the national level. ‘Unofficial data’ refers to data collected by civil society organisations.

This annual report compiles the available evidence on antisemitic incidents collected by international, governmental and non-governmental sources, covering the period 1 January 2005–31 December 2015, where data are available. In addition, it includes a section that presents evidence from international organisations. No official data on reported antisemitic incidents in 2015 were available for eight Member States by the time this report was compiled in September 201
European Jewish Digest: January 2015
Author(s): Goldstein, Richard
Date: 2015
Topics: Main Topic: Other
Abstract: JPR’s monthly European Jewish digest provides a concise look at some of the major events impacting on Jewish life around Europe.
Europe: Something from (Almost) Nothing – The Challenges of Education in European Communities
Author(s): Israel, Steve
Editor(s): Grant, Lisa D.; Miller, Helena; Pomson, Alex
Date: 2011
Topics: jewish education, Jewish Revival, Main Topic: Education
Gray Dawn: The Jews of Eastern Europe in the Post-Communist Era
Author(s): Hoffman, Charles
Date: 1992
Topics: Communism, Jewish Revival, Antisemitism, Main Topic: Other
Abstract: Following the collapse of the Soviet empire, the Jews of Eastern Europe--nearly obliterated by the Nazis, then persecuted by Communist regimes--are rediscovering their culture and religion. Texas-born Hoffman, a former staff writer for the Jerusalem Post , made 10 trips to Eastern Europe in 1989 and 1990 to produce this searching, alert portrait of a people poised between hope and despair. In Czechoslovakia and Poland, he found, small "caretaker communities" of Jews, non-Jews and part-Jews have united around the mission of preserving their countries' Jewish heritage. In contrast, Romania and Bulgaria have seen their Jewish populations depleted by the younger generation's mass exodus to Israel. In East Berlin, reports Hoffman, the tiny Jewish community has been fragmented by the swift, sudden reunion of East and West Germany. He discerningly looks at Eastern European Jews' responses to resurgent anti-Semitism and at their ambivalence toward the older Jewish leadership that accommodated itself to Communist rulers.  
Central and East European Jewry: The Impact of Liberalization and Revolution
Author(s): Institute of Jewish Affairs
Date: 1990
Topics: Jewish community, Jewish culture, Antisemitism, Main Topic: Other
Abstract: Reports on the development of Jewish life in Eastern and Central Europe following liberalization. Covers seven countries using specialists and reports on similar patterns: revival of Jewish cultural life, people who had denied their origins now identifying as Jews, young people discovering Jewish identity, ousting of communist era Jewish leaders, increased desire to participate in European and international Jewish activities. Also discusses antitsemitism and relations with Israel.
Jewish Restitution and Compensation Claims in Eastern Europe and the Former USSR 
Author(s): Sieradzka, Krystyna
Date: 1993
Topics: Holocaust, Restitution, Antisemitism, law, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial
Abstract: Reports on the development of legal frameworks for restitution in the former USSR and Eastern Europe. Includes sections on most states and successor states in the region.
Antisemitism in Central and Eastern Europe: A Current Survey
Author(s): Institute of Jewish Affairs
Date: 1991
Topics: Antisemitism, Jewish community, law, Main Topic: Antisemitism
Abstract: Draws on the work of country specialists to report on the current state of antisemitism in eastern europe and Yugoslavia
Jewish Restitution and Compensation Claims in Eastern Europe and the former USSR: Survey and Analysis
Author(s): Institute of Jewish Affairs
Date: 1992
Topics: Holocaust, Restitution, Antisemitism, law, Main Topic: Holocaust and Memorial
Abstract: Prepared for the World Jewish Congress, reports on the development of legal frameworks for restitution in the former USSR and Eastern Europe. Includes sections on most states and successor states in the region.

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